{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200178076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010073","title":"Estimation of Maximum Hail Diameters from FY-4A Satellite Data with a Machine Learning Method","display_name":"Estimation of Maximum Hail Diameters from FY-4A Satellite Data with a Machine Learning Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200178076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14010073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/73/pdf?version=1640348361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/73/pdf?version=1640348361","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047790394","display_name":"Qiong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-6492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200232, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044962678","display_name":"Yixuan Shou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0093-9467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Xuan Shou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration (LRCVES/CMA), Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration (LRCVES/CMA), Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035813695","display_name":"Leiming Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-5830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei-Ming Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056546946","display_name":"Qifeng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1611-4347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qifeng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration (LRCVES/CMA), Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, China Meteorological Administration (LRCVES/CMA), Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619422","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-2234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047790394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302","https://openalex.org/I4210131507"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.3571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60170623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"73","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6165927648544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6001892685890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.47623899579048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4713396728038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43075573444366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3277319669723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32414430379867554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6165927648544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6001892685890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.47623899579048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4713396728038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43075573444366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3277319669723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32414430379867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14010073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/73/pdf?version=1640348361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9da973cfc0642c584eb6af8ad5eddaa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9da973cfc0642c584eb6af8ad5eddaa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 73 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/1/73/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14010073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/73/pdf?version=1640348361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6490076162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42005111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8507430881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41975069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200178076.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200178076.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20405322","https://openalex.org/W629167550","https://openalex.org/W875569023","https://openalex.org/W895491993","https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1563699340","https://openalex.org/W1582896676","https://openalex.org/W1965069080","https://openalex.org/W1973170412","https://openalex.org/W1976454552","https://openalex.org/W1979402977","https://openalex.org/W1987391779","https://openalex.org/W1992955350","https://openalex.org/W1993911948","https://openalex.org/W1997726332","https://openalex.org/W1998419590","https://openalex.org/W1999846461","https://openalex.org/W2001678051","https://openalex.org/W2002869399","https://openalex.org/W2005692691","https://openalex.org/W2014690889","https://openalex.org/W2018246977","https://openalex.org/W2022182528","https://openalex.org/W2027406378","https://openalex.org/W2027792511","https://openalex.org/W2033676772","https://openalex.org/W2038485348","https://openalex.org/W2040834772","https://openalex.org/W2046734602","https://openalex.org/W2048977559","https://openalex.org/W2050639303","https://openalex.org/W2060786871","https://openalex.org/W2063932149","https://openalex.org/W2065195110","https://openalex.org/W2068393369","https://openalex.org/W2079246256","https://openalex.org/W2080441940","https://openalex.org/W2081513499","https://openalex.org/W2081904526","https://openalex.org/W2083493233","https://openalex.org/W2085144721","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2088512525","https://openalex.org/W2088818149","https://openalex.org/W2093073916","https://openalex.org/W2108295388","https://openalex.org/W2111063607","https://openalex.org/W2112823219","https://openalex.org/W2121790383","https://openalex.org/W2125461339","https://openalex.org/W2169101778","https://openalex.org/W2171467470","https://openalex.org/W2173982229","https://openalex.org/W2174733467","https://openalex.org/W2177312381","https://openalex.org/W2178142387","https://openalex.org/W2181009930","https://openalex.org/W2272724481","https://openalex.org/W2286485863","https://openalex.org/W2286843691","https://openalex.org/W2326649703","https://openalex.org/W2417545235","https://openalex.org/W2494302106","https://openalex.org/W2505180682","https://openalex.org/W2547118533","https://openalex.org/W2558593184","https://openalex.org/W2567628229","https://openalex.org/W2579466012","https://openalex.org/W2659606382","https://openalex.org/W2668451017","https://openalex.org/W2742595537","https://openalex.org/W2752815493","https://openalex.org/W2766694246","https://openalex.org/W2783489575","https://openalex.org/W2792917072","https://openalex.org/W2795928357","https://openalex.org/W2796943538","https://openalex.org/W2803109512","https://openalex.org/W2808135056","https://openalex.org/W2830470891","https://openalex.org/W2887626628","https://openalex.org/W2888329822","https://openalex.org/W2888367769","https://openalex.org/W2888417218","https://openalex.org/W2899698793","https://openalex.org/W2899939650","https://openalex.org/W2902884142","https://openalex.org/W2914579103","https://openalex.org/W2944575768","https://openalex.org/W2945435533","https://openalex.org/W2962768350","https://openalex.org/W2970005815","https://openalex.org/W2970747735","https://openalex.org/W2972430292","https://openalex.org/W2990868855","https://openalex.org/W2996757245","https://openalex.org/W3006909998","https://openalex.org/W3034224700","https://openalex.org/W3043764845","https://openalex.org/W3088335020","https://openalex.org/W3093000044","https://openalex.org/W3093480534","https://openalex.org/W3120451880","https://openalex.org/W3122092312","https://openalex.org/W3126583640","https://openalex.org/W3126708211","https://openalex.org/W3158742449","https://openalex.org/W4232180944","https://openalex.org/W4391830339","https://openalex.org/W6624164240","https://openalex.org/W6696347450","https://openalex.org/W6751762151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028495302","https://openalex.org/W2002261065","https://openalex.org/W1513656766","https://openalex.org/W4249498729","https://openalex.org/W1967083444","https://openalex.org/W2160863446","https://openalex.org/W2361609491","https://openalex.org/W2106866459","https://openalex.org/W4239167708","https://openalex.org/W4242165577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,196,242],"magnitude":[1],"of":[2,17,112,116,267],"damage":[3],"caused":[4],"by":[5,29],"hail":[6,18,64,108,158,193,221,233,253],"depends":[7],"on":[8,107,207],"its":[9],"size;":[10],"however,":[11],"direct":[12],"observation":[13],"or":[14,41],"indirect":[15],"estimation":[16,66,223],"size":[19,65,222,254],"remains":[20],"a":[21,57,63,96,170,172],"significant":[22],"challenge.":[23],"One":[24],"primary":[25],"reason":[26],"for":[27],"estimations":[28],"proxy,":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"through":[33],"remote":[34],"sensing":[35],"methods,":[36],"is":[37,185,205],"that":[38,213],"empirical":[39],"relationships":[40,164],"statistical":[42],"models":[43],"established":[44],"in":[45,71,125,145,235],"one":[46],"region":[47],"may":[48],"not":[49],"apply":[50],"to":[51,61,78,85,101,157,190],"other":[52,220],"areas.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"employs":[56],"machine":[58],"learning":[59],"method":[60],"build":[62],"model":[67,180,215,229,243],"without":[68],"assuming":[69],"relations":[70],"advance.":[72],"It":[73],"uses":[74],"FY-4A":[75],"AGRI":[76],"data":[77,84],"provide":[79],"cloud-top":[80],"information":[81],"and":[82,129,139,167,202,240],"ERA5":[83],"add":[86],"vertical":[87],"environment":[88],"information.":[89],"Before":[90],"training":[91],"the":[92,103,123,150,163,208,228,249,259,264],"model,":[93],"we":[94],"conducted":[95],"principal":[97],"component":[98],"analysis":[99],"(PCA)":[100],"analyze":[102],"highly":[104],"influential":[105],"factors":[106],"sizes.":[109],"A":[110],"total":[111],"18":[113],"features,":[114],"composed":[115],"four":[117],"groups,":[118,131],"namely":[119],"brightness":[120],"temperature":[121],"(BT),":[122],"difference":[124],"BT":[126],"(BTD),":[127],"thermodynamics,":[128],"dynamics":[130],"were":[132],"chosen":[133],"from":[134],"29":[135],"original":[136],"features.":[137],"Dynamic":[138],"BTD":[140],"features":[141,152,189],"show":[142],"superior":[143],"performance":[144],"identifying":[146],"large":[147],"hail.":[148],"Although":[149],"selected":[151,188],"are":[153,165],"more":[154,245],"closely":[155],"correlated":[156],"sizes":[159],"than":[160,248],"unselected":[161],"ones,":[162],"complicated":[166],"nonlinear.":[168],"As":[169],"result,":[171],"two-layer":[173],"regression":[174],"back":[175],"propagation":[176],"neural":[177],"network":[178],"(BPNN)":[179],"with":[181,187,219],"powerful":[182],"fitting":[183,198],"ability":[184],"trained":[186],"predict":[191],"maximum":[192,251],"diameter":[194],"(MHD).":[195],"linear":[197],"R2":[199],"between":[200,238],"predicted":[201],"observed":[203],"MHDs":[204],"0.52":[206],"test":[209],"set,":[210],"which":[211,257],"signifies":[212],"our":[214,268],"performs":[216],"well":[217],"compared":[218],"models.":[224],"We":[225],"also":[226],"examine":[227],"concerning":[230],"all":[231],"three":[232],"cases":[234],"Shanghai,":[236],"China,":[237],"2019":[239],"2021.":[241],"attained":[244],"satisfactory":[246],"results":[247],"radar-based":[250],"estimated":[252],"(MEHS)":[255],"method,":[256],"overestimates":[258],"MHDs,":[260],"thus":[261],"further":[262],"supporting":[263],"operational":[265],"applications":[266],"model.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}