{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215740017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234829","title":"Diversity of Remote Sensing-Based Variable Inputs Improves the Estimation of Seasonal Maximum Freezing Depth","display_name":"Diversity of Remote Sensing-Based Variable Inputs Improves the Estimation of Seasonal Maximum Freezing Depth","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215740017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234829","mag":"3215740017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234829","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4829/pdf?version=1638244362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4829/pdf?version=1638244362","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114858752","display_name":"Bingquan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-2610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingquan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063912074","display_name":"Youhua Ran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-4612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youhua Ran","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063912074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3092,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79121808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"23","first_page":"4829","last_page":"4829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5870840549468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5522178411483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.48676133155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.41840052604675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3888317346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3464985489845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2257169783115387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12547260522842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11979886889457703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.10353288054466248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5870840549468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5522178411483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.48676133155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.41840052604675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3888317346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3464985489845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2257169783115387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12547260522842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11979886889457703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.10353288054466248}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234829","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4829/pdf?version=1638244362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6833ce741c6947fa98385050a2630829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6833ce741c6947fa98385050a2630829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 23, p 4829 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/23/4829/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 23; Pages: 4829","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13234829","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234829","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/23/4829/pdf?version=1638244362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215740017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215740017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150302184","https://openalex.org/W1484549543","https://openalex.org/W1547333707","https://openalex.org/W1567296274","https://openalex.org/W1604347284","https://openalex.org/W1960347370","https://openalex.org/W1971429875","https://openalex.org/W1972658936","https://openalex.org/W1976984800","https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W1998515817","https://openalex.org/W1998720178","https://openalex.org/W2006927432","https://openalex.org/W2011195592","https://openalex.org/W2015676521","https://openalex.org/W2018157830","https://openalex.org/W2020977453","https://openalex.org/W2028269087","https://openalex.org/W2036680794","https://openalex.org/W2038137144","https://openalex.org/W2048850076","https://openalex.org/W2052684427","https://openalex.org/W2068190762","https://openalex.org/W2087873369","https://openalex.org/W2097795807","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2114727579","https://openalex.org/W2133642590","https://openalex.org/W2137198566","https://openalex.org/W2138568127","https://openalex.org/W2140892399","https://openalex.org/W2145858761","https://openalex.org/W2157026492","https://openalex.org/W2160044525","https://openalex.org/W2176391853","https://openalex.org/W2180011728","https://openalex.org/W2216057030","https://openalex.org/W2319327612","https://openalex.org/W2432405417","https://openalex.org/W2460420635","https://openalex.org/W2511036629","https://openalex.org/W2552674271","https://openalex.org/W2574794549","https://openalex.org/W2588003345","https://openalex.org/W2593621897","https://openalex.org/W2595486933","https://openalex.org/W2603517146","https://openalex.org/W2614464134","https://openalex.org/W2736322878","https://openalex.org/W2766039791","https://openalex.org/W2789065963","https://openalex.org/W2789303545","https://openalex.org/W2789833031","https://openalex.org/W2802034263","https://openalex.org/W2806778200","https://openalex.org/W2889534203","https://openalex.org/W2890811181","https://openalex.org/W2905951992","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914938155","https://openalex.org/W2921375624","https://openalex.org/W2933039097","https://openalex.org/W2942435959","https://openalex.org/W2950767739","https://openalex.org/W2994652512","https://openalex.org/W3009872481","https://openalex.org/W3014994076","https://openalex.org/W3038003778","https://openalex.org/W3097098296","https://openalex.org/W3132781201","https://openalex.org/W3139223098","https://openalex.org/W3171274236","https://openalex.org/W3172191503","https://openalex.org/W4226217249","https://openalex.org/W4385405115","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6734499201","https://openalex.org/W6748755881","https://openalex.org/W6792349401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W4385074335","https://openalex.org/W2626189183","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W1983126463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,76,146],"maximum":[1],"soil":[2],"freezing":[3],"depth":[4],"(MSFD)":[5],"is":[6,138],"an":[7],"important":[8,21],"indicator":[9],"of":[10,14,38,41,50,69,97,117,182,195],"the":[11,24,44,70,94,98,103,106,114,118,127,132,154,159,168,179,183,193,196,199],"thermal":[12],"state":[13],"seasonally":[15],"frozen":[16],"ground.":[17],"Its":[18],"variation":[19],"has":[20],"implications":[22],"for":[23,112],"water":[25],"cycle,":[26],"ecological":[27],"processes,":[28],"climate":[29,104,150],"and":[30,61,67,93,123,129,142,174,188,198],"engineering":[31],"stability.":[32],"This":[33,176],"study":[34],"tested":[35],"three":[36,51,99],"aspects":[37],"data-driven":[39],"predictions":[40],"MSFD":[42,119,157,169,194],"in":[43,155],"Qinghai-Tibet":[45],"Plateau":[46],"(QTP),":[47],"including":[48],"comparison":[49],"popular":[52],"statistical/machine":[53],"learning":[54,186],"techniques,":[55],"differences":[56],"between":[57],"remote":[58,107,202],"sensing":[59,108,203],"variables":[60],"reanalysis":[62,74],"data":[63],"as":[64],"input":[65],"conditions,":[66],"transportability":[68],"model":[71,148,187],"built":[72],"by":[73,140],"data.":[75],"results":[77],"show":[78],"that":[79],"support":[80],"vector":[81],"regression":[82],"(SVR)":[83],"performs":[84],"better":[85],"than":[86],"random":[87],"forest":[88],"(RF),":[89],"k-nearest":[90],"neighbor":[91],"(KNN)":[92],"ensemble":[95],"mean":[96,134],"models.":[100],"Compared":[101],"with":[102,149],"predictors,":[105],"predictors":[109,204],"are":[110,205],"helpful":[111],"improving":[113],"simulation":[115],"accuracy":[116],"at":[120,158],"both":[121],"decadal":[122,130],"annual":[124,128],"scales":[125],"(at":[126],"scales,":[131],"root":[133],"square":[135],"error":[136],"(RMSE)":[137],"reduced":[139],"2.84":[141],"1.99":[143],"cm,":[144],"respectively).":[145],"SVR":[147],"predictor":[151],"calibration":[152],"using":[153],"situ":[156],"baseline":[160],"period":[161],"(2001\u20132010)":[162],"can":[163],"be":[164],"used":[165],"to":[166,191],"simulate":[167,192],"over":[170],"historical":[171],"periods":[172],"(1981\u20131990":[173],"1991\u20132000).":[175],"result":[177],"indicates":[178],"good":[180],"transferability":[181],"well-trained":[184],"machine":[185],"its":[189],"availability":[190],"past":[197],"future":[200],"when":[201],"not":[206],"available.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}