{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207306075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204139","title":"SC-SM CAM: An Efficient Visual Interpretation of CNN for SAR Images Target Recognition","display_name":"SC-SM CAM: An Efficient Visual Interpretation of CNN for SAR Images Target Recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207306075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204139","mag":"3207306075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13204139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204139","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4139/pdf?version=1634536411","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4139/pdf?version=1634536411","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016333596","display_name":"Zhenpeng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-4794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenpeng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102805077","display_name":"Hongbing Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-518X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongbing Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074877434","display_name":"Ljubi\u0161a Stankovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5936373","display_name":"University of Montenegro","ror":"https://ror.org/02drrjp49","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ljubi\u0161a Stankovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858064","display_name":"Jingyuan Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0075-9450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyuan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086558368","display_name":"Mingzhe Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-3344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102805077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.1372,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81065194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"20","first_page":"4139","last_page":"4139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7947549819946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7741073369979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6597023606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6508481502532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6041631102561951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5990591645240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5034348368644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48027610778808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4793696701526642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.44142869114875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.41342025995254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09193962812423706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7947549819946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7741073369979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6597023606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6508481502532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6041631102561951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5990591645240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5034348368644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48027610778808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4793696701526642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.44142869114875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.41342025995254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09193962812423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13204139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204139","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4139/pdf?version=1634536411","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:654e18c3eebd4b72bcd95b0ce014db50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/654e18c3eebd4b72bcd95b0ce014db50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 20, p 4139 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/20/4139/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13204139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204139","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4139/pdf?version=1634536411","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2030683882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5056716889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071349","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5177404496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JB210206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207306075.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207306075.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2510138867","https://openalex.org/W2598052950","https://openalex.org/W2607666785","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2773174506","https://openalex.org/W2774812420","https://openalex.org/W2781787017","https://openalex.org/W2808362118","https://openalex.org/W2809136100","https://openalex.org/W2883279772","https://openalex.org/W2913142161","https://openalex.org/W2923249467","https://openalex.org/W2944069034","https://openalex.org/W2950244530","https://openalex.org/W2963781258","https://openalex.org/W2966505783","https://openalex.org/W2969880113","https://openalex.org/W2972986629","https://openalex.org/W2980970444","https://openalex.org/W3000716014","https://openalex.org/W3008850378","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3047237378","https://openalex.org/W3107718410","https://openalex.org/W3108438502","https://openalex.org/W3121769020","https://openalex.org/W3150696571","https://openalex.org/W3159164673","https://openalex.org/W3172784225","https://openalex.org/W3192611678","https://openalex.org/W3200726353","https://openalex.org/W6797731005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W2077542787","https://openalex.org/W2156434174","https://openalex.org/W2071701083","https://openalex.org/W2383687187","https://openalex.org/W2070401501","https://openalex.org/W2121496884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"successfully":[5],"achieved":[6],"high":[7],"accuracy":[8],"in":[9,173,199],"synthetic":[10],"aperture":[11],"radar":[12],"(SAR)":[13],"target":[14],"recognition;":[15],"however,":[16],"the":[17,51,111,119,126,129,178,186],"intransparency":[18],"of":[19,104,113,121,128],"CNNs":[20,32],"is":[21,96,144],"still":[22],"a":[23,74,82,89,174],"limiting":[24,75],"or":[25],"even":[26],"disqualifying":[27],"factor.":[28],"Therefore,":[29],"visually":[30],"interpreting":[31],"with":[33,169,185],"SAR":[34,79,93],"images":[35],"has":[36],"recently":[37,83],"drawn":[38],"increasing":[39],"attention.":[40],"Various":[41],"class":[42],"activation":[43],"mapping":[44],"(CAM)":[45],"methods":[46,63,198],"are":[47,64,162],"adopted":[48,146],"to":[49,73,100,147],"discern":[50],"relationship":[52],"between":[53],"CNN\u2019s":[54],"decision":[55],"and":[56,202],"image":[57],"regions.":[58],"Unfortunately,":[59],"most":[60],"existing":[61],"CAM":[62,86,139,193,197],"based":[65],"on":[66,125],"optical":[67],"images;":[68],"thus,":[69,177],"they":[70],"usually":[71],"lead":[72],"visualization":[76,122],"effect":[77,91,201],"for":[78,92,153],"images.":[80],"Although":[81],"proposed":[84],"Self-Matching":[85,138],"can":[87],"obtain":[88],"satisfactory":[90],"images,":[94],"it":[95],"quite":[97],"time-consuming,":[98],"due":[99],"there":[101],"being":[102],"hundreds":[103],"self-matching":[105],"operations":[106],"per":[107],"image.":[108],"G-SM-CAM":[109],"reduces":[110],"time":[112],"such":[114],"operation":[115],"dramatically,":[116],"but":[117],"at":[118],"cost":[120],"effect.":[123],"Based":[124],"limitations":[127],"above":[130],"methods,":[131],"we":[132],"propose":[133],"an":[134,165],"efficient":[135,154],"method,":[136],"Spectral-Clustering":[137],"(SC-SM":[140],"CAM).":[141],"Spectral":[142],"clustering":[143],"first":[145],"divide":[148],"feature":[149,160,167],"maps":[150,161],"into":[151,164],"groups":[152],"computation.":[155],"In":[156],"each":[157],"group,":[158],"similar":[159],"merged":[163],"enhanced":[166],"map":[168],"more":[170,182],"concentrated":[171],"energy":[172],"specific":[175],"region;":[176],"saliency":[179],"heatmaps":[180],"may":[181],"accurately":[183],"tally":[184],"target.":[187],"Experimental":[188],"results":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"that":[191],"SC-SM":[192],"outperforms":[194],"other":[195],"SOTA":[196],"both":[200],"efficiency.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}