{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196050765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163167","title":"Unpaired Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution with Multi-Stage Aggregation Networks","display_name":"Unpaired Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution with Multi-Stage Aggregation Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196050765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163167","mag":"3196050765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163167","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3167/pdf?version=1628677555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3167/pdf?version=1628677555","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101818366","display_name":"Lize Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9590-6379"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lize Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059540876","display_name":"Wen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8193-6016"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046353442","display_name":"Yuanfei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-9904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanfei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100299609","display_name":"Xiaopeng Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660001","display_name":"Hongyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6676-9543"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian Universerty, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059540876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39591817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"16","first_page":"3167","last_page":"3167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7742094993591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.7352571487426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5729957818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5127557516098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.511221170425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-resolution","display_name":"High resolution","score":0.4805605709552765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4516937732696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44146913290023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4327297806739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39088109135627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10834279656410217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7742094993591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.7352571487426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5729957818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5127557516098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.511221170425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.4805605709552765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4516937732696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44146913290023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4327297806739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39088109135627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10834279656410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163167","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3167/pdf?version=1628677555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8a79d6b17e44ee8ab923065d67146a5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8a79d6b17e44ee8ab923065d67146a5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 16, p 3167 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/16/3167/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13163167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163167","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3167/pdf?version=1628677555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3944761050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020ZDLGY05-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329783","funder_display_name":"Key Industry Innovation Chain of Shaanxi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4460148834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329783","display_name":"Key Industry Innovation Chain of Shaanxi","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196050765.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196050765.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7682646","https://openalex.org/W1484953274","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W1976416062","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W2020912318","https://openalex.org/W2102166818","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2146640671","https://openalex.org/W2146782367","https://openalex.org/W2161516371","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2202656999","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2747898905","https://openalex.org/W2780544323","https://openalex.org/W2866634454","https://openalex.org/W2891158090","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962903125","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963704386","https://openalex.org/W2964101377","https://openalex.org/W2967400231","https://openalex.org/W2976718572","https://openalex.org/W2986795095","https://openalex.org/W3005198074","https://openalex.org/W3011246898","https://openalex.org/W3035467803","https://openalex.org/W3035565681","https://openalex.org/W3088103684","https://openalex.org/W3090503904","https://openalex.org/W3094169683","https://openalex.org/W3096739052","https://openalex.org/W3113626191","https://openalex.org/W3123866747","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6639747778","https://openalex.org/W6746466744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603736412","https://openalex.org/W4304185162","https://openalex.org/W2061685118","https://openalex.org/W3006282800","https://openalex.org/W2462100143","https://openalex.org/W1185300216","https://openalex.org/W1770503332","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W3125207769","https://openalex.org/W2577825108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mainstream":[0],"image":[1,49],"super-resolution":[2,34,91],"(SR)":[3],"methods":[4,35,196],"are":[5,19],"generally":[6,68],"based":[7],"on":[8,106,175,212],"paired":[9,53],"training":[10],"samples.":[11],"As":[12],"the":[13,30,39,60,63,71,76,103,111,117,120,125,129,134,146,160,209,213],"high-resolution":[14],"(HR)":[15],"remote":[16,32,79,177,182],"sensing":[17,33,80,178,183],"images":[18,42,66,73,184],"difficult":[20],"to":[21,37,43,75,115,152,165],"collect":[22],"with":[23,70,218],"a":[24,52,88,95],"limited":[25],"imaging":[26,81],"device,":[27],"most":[28],"of":[29,62,78,102,119,202],"existing":[31],"try":[36],"down-sample":[38],"collected":[40],"original":[41],"generate":[44],"an":[45],"auxiliary":[46],"low-resolution":[47,136],"(LR)":[48],"and":[50,133,149,180,198],"form":[51],"pseudo":[54],"HR-LR":[55],"dataset":[56],"for":[57],"training.":[58],"However,":[59],"distribution":[61],"generated":[64],"LR":[65,150],"is":[67,114,205],"inconsistent":[69],"real":[72,181],"due":[74],"limitation":[77],"devices.":[82],"In":[83,109],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86],"propose":[87],"perceptually":[89],"unpaired":[90],"method":[92,188],"by":[93,123,169],"constructing":[94],"multi-stage":[96],"aggregation":[97],"network":[98,104,163,204],"(MSAN).":[99],"The":[100,138,156,200],"optimization":[101],"depends":[105],"consistency":[107,127],"losses.":[108],"particular,":[110],"first":[112],"phase":[113,158],"preserve":[116],"contents":[118],"super-resolved":[121],"results,":[122],"constraining":[124,170],"content":[126],"between":[128,145],"down-scaled":[130],"SR":[131,195],"results":[132,192],"low-quality":[135],"inputs.":[137],"second":[139],"stage":[140],"minimizes":[141],"perceptual":[142],"feature":[143],"loss":[144],"current":[147],"result":[148],"input":[151],"constrain":[153],"perceptual-content":[154],"consistency.":[155,172],"final":[157],"employs":[159],"generative":[161],"adversarial":[162],"(GAN)":[164],"adding":[166],"photo-realistic":[167],"textures":[168],"perceptual-distribution":[171],"Numerous":[173],"experiments":[174],"synthetic":[176],"datasets":[179],"show":[185],"that":[186],"our":[187,203],"obtains":[189],"more":[190],"plausible":[191],"than":[193,208],"other":[194],"quantitatively":[197],"qualitatively.":[199],"PSNR":[201],"0.06dB":[206],"higher":[207],"SOTA":[210],"method\u2014HAN":[211],"UC":[214],"Merced":[215],"test":[216],"set":[217],"complex":[219],"degradation.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T16:38:21.277918","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
