{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181950296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658","title":"Leveraging Deep Neural Networks to Map Caribou Lichen in High-Resolution Satellite Images Based on a Small-Scale, Noisy UAV-Derived Map","display_name":"Leveraging Deep Neural Networks to Map Caribou Lichen in High-Resolution Satellite Images Based on a Small-Scale, Noisy UAV-Derived Map","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181950296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658","mag":"3181950296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2658/pdf?version=1626061675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2658/pdf?version=1626061675","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677497","display_name":"Shahab Jozdani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3260-3952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahab Jozdani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Planning, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Planning, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677493","display_name":"Dongmei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5419-8735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Planning, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Planning, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346246","display_name":"Wenjun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5858-8578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051089229","display_name":"Sylvain G. Leblanc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-7119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvain G. Leblanc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112576809","display_name":"Christian Pr\u00e9vost","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Pr\u00e9vost","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031924201","display_name":"Julie Lovitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-265X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Lovitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069499308","display_name":"Liming He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-6814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008636170","display_name":"Brian Alan Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1911-3585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111818","display_name":"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdhz737","country_code":"JP","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111818"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian A. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Area, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-1 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Area, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-1 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111818"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100346246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.5164,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84444576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"14","first_page":"2658","last_page":"2658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11528","display_name":"Lichen and fungal ecology","score":0.9569000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9538000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lichen","display_name":"Lichen","score":0.8274973034858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6056334376335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5873522162437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5438533425331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4973476231098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4907010793685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.47994258999824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.44587093591690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3796413540840149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34613844752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.31003016233444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16144850850105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08607646822929382}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120149898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43142","display_name":"Lichen","level":2,"score":0.8274973034858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6056334376335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5873522162437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5438533425331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4973476231098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4907010793685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.47994258999824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.44587093591690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3796413540840149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34613844752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.31003016233444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16144850850105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08607646822929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2658/pdf?version=1626061675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ecf5100189f945cdadf87f57afce481c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ecf5100189f945cdadf87f57afce481c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 14, p 2658 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:07465:0005481105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/lichen/en","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/14/2658/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 14; Pages: 2658","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13142658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142658","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2658/pdf?version=1626061675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3577186613","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N/A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334620","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181950296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181950296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579077563","https://openalex.org/W1791351279","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1964675789","https://openalex.org/W1969764048","https://openalex.org/W2005815191","https://openalex.org/W2046893688","https://openalex.org/W2061240006","https://openalex.org/W2073379846","https://openalex.org/W2086685817","https://openalex.org/W2090780505","https://openalex.org/W2119757004","https://openalex.org/W2253590344","https://openalex.org/W2597229673","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2751262706","https://openalex.org/W2784851205","https://openalex.org/W2790679674","https://openalex.org/W2803237185","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2897544181","https://openalex.org/W2902190145","https://openalex.org/W2909793444","https://openalex.org/W2912237282","https://openalex.org/W2964287450","https://openalex.org/W2964808389","https://openalex.org/W2981849677","https://openalex.org/W2984353870","https://openalex.org/W2999955955","https://openalex.org/W3006233960","https://openalex.org/W3023775819","https://openalex.org/W3035160371","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3110002552","https://openalex.org/W3207191184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243615883","https://openalex.org/W4230366231","https://openalex.org/W4213166233","https://openalex.org/W4239448392","https://openalex.org/W4310829971","https://openalex.org/W2120579670","https://openalex.org/W2065341544","https://openalex.org/W2122496827","https://openalex.org/W4220860198","https://openalex.org/W3213052772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lichen":[0,10],"is":[1,44],"an":[2],"important":[3],"food":[4],"source":[5],"for":[6,276],"caribou":[7,107,270,281],"in":[8,27,212,252],"Canada.":[9],"mapping":[11],"using":[12,76,97],"remote":[13],"sensing":[14],"(RS)":[15],"images":[16],"could":[17,33],"be":[18,274],"a":[19,59,77,84,92,102,110,120,128,155,242,257],"challenging":[20],"task,":[21],"however,":[22],"as":[23],"lichens":[24],"generally":[25,57],"appear":[26],"unevenly":[28],"distributed,":[29],"small":[30,85],"patches,":[31],"and":[32,96,119,147,166,203],"resemble":[34],"surficial":[35],"features.":[36],"Moreover,":[37],"collecting":[38,208],"lichen":[39,81,108,190,271,282],"labeled":[40,63,134],"data":[41,135,171],"(reference":[42],"data)":[43,99],"expensive,":[45],"which":[46],"restricts":[47],"the":[48,73,137,176,188,193,213,227,233,239,249,253],"application":[49],"of":[50,62,67,75,83,201,205,241],"many":[51],"robust":[52],"supervised":[53],"classification":[54],"models":[55],"that":[56,182,219],"demand":[58],"large":[60],"quantity":[61],"data.":[64],"The":[65,132],"goal":[66],"this":[68,126,259],"study":[69],"was":[70,184],"to":[71,100,105,145,172,186,192,226,238],"investigate":[72],"potential":[74],"very-high-spatial":[78],"resolution":[79,123],"(1-cm)":[80],"map":[82,106,191],"sample":[86,138],"site":[87,139],"(e.g.,":[88],"generated":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91,164],"single":[93],"UAV":[94],"scene":[95],"field":[98],"train":[101],"subsequent":[103],"classifier":[104],"over":[109],"much":[111],"larger":[112],"area":[113,251],"(~0.04":[114],"km2":[115],"vs.":[116],"~195":[117],"km2)":[118],"lower":[121],"spatial":[122,146],"image":[124],"(in":[125],"case,":[127],"50-cm":[129],"WorldView-2":[130,194,214,254],"image).":[131],"limited":[133],"from":[136,284],"were":[140,223],"also":[141,217],"partially":[142,224],"noisy":[143,221],"due":[144],"temporal":[148],"mismatching":[149],"issues.":[150],"For":[151],"this,":[152],"we":[153],"deployed":[154],"recently":[156],"proposed":[157],"Teacher-Student":[158],"semi-supervised":[159],"learning":[160],"(SSL)":[161],"approach":[162],"(based":[163],"U-Net":[165],"U-Net++":[167],"networks)":[168],"involving":[169],"unlabeled":[170],"assist":[173],"with":[174,196],"improving":[175],"model":[177],"performance.":[178],"Our":[179],"experiments":[180],"showed":[181],"it":[183],"possible":[185],"scale-up":[187],"UAV-derived":[189],"scale":[195],"reasonable":[197],"accuracy":[198,200],"(overall":[199],"85.28%":[202],"F1-socre":[204],"84.38%)":[206],"without":[207],"any":[209],"samples":[210],"directly":[211,246],"scene.":[215],"We":[216],"found":[218],"our":[220],"labels":[222],"beneficial":[225],"SSL":[228],"robustness":[229],"because":[230],"they":[231],"improved":[232],"false":[234],"positive":[235],"rate":[236],"compared":[237],"use":[240],"cleaner":[243],"training":[244],"set":[245],"collected":[247],"within":[248],"same":[250],"image.":[255],"As":[256],"result,":[258],"research":[260],"opens":[261],"new":[262],"insights":[263],"into":[264],"how":[265],"current":[266],"very":[267],"high-resolution,":[268],"small-scale":[269],"maps":[272,283],"can":[273],"used":[275],"generating":[277],"more":[278],"accurate":[279],"large-scale":[280],"high-resolution":[285],"satellite":[286],"imagery.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2021-07-19T00:00:00"}
