{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169067682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122292","title":"Evaluation of Semantic Segmentation Methods for Land Use with Spectral Imaging Using Sentinel-2 and PNOA Imagery","display_name":"Evaluation of Semantic Segmentation Methods for Land Use with Spectral Imaging Using Sentinel-2 and PNOA Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169067682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122292","mag":"3169067682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122292","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2292/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2292/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048722248","display_name":"Oscar D. Pedrayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5846-6212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oscar D. Pedrayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029870850","display_name":"Dar\u00edo G. Lema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-7925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dar\u00edo G. Lema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088793009","display_name":"Daniel F. Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-9744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel F. Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031476067","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Usamentiaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-3203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165339363","display_name":"Universidad de Oviedo","ror":"https://ror.org/006gksa02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rub\u00e9n Usamentiaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus de Viesques, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058220073","display_name":"\u00c1ngela Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-3508"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngela Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spatial Data, Seresco S.A., Matem\u00e1tico Pedrayes 23, 33005 Oviedo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spatial Data, Seresco S.A., Matem\u00e1tico Pedrayes 23, 33005 Oviedo, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048722248"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165339363"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90611081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2292","last_page":"2292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8330047130584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6844580173492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5828173160552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5030845999717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.495444655418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.46889299154281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.458607017993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2629207670688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09030190110206604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8330047130584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6844580173492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5828173160552979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5030845999717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.495444655418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.46889299154281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.458607017993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2629207670688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09030190110206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122292","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2292/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:201624f7d3c34e18bb06d929db73d71e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/201624f7d3c34e18bb06d929db73d71e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2292 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/12/2292/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2292","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13122292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122292","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2292/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5384897085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-094849-B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336576","funder_display_name":"Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336576","display_name":"Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169067682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169067682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561088580","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2118037698","https://openalex.org/W2155195832","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2591129009","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2897204591","https://openalex.org/W2899315938","https://openalex.org/W2900970566","https://openalex.org/W2955034228","https://openalex.org/W2963136578","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2973657542","https://openalex.org/W3036312833","https://openalex.org/W3037080525","https://openalex.org/W3049094564","https://openalex.org/W3087543527","https://openalex.org/W3091811842","https://openalex.org/W3117977576","https://openalex.org/W3125311201","https://openalex.org/W3131916787","https://openalex.org/W3141281048","https://openalex.org/W3155959105","https://openalex.org/W4256060553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W1986418932","https://openalex.org/W2357796999","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W2741131631","https://openalex.org/W2045526782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use":[1,86],"classification":[2],"using":[3,174],"aerial":[4],"imagery":[5,73,147],"can":[6,136,148],"be":[7,137,186],"complex.":[8],"Characteristics":[9],"such":[10,59],"as":[11,60,76,138],"ground":[12,116],"sampling":[13,117],"distance,":[14],"resolution,":[15],"number":[16,133],"of":[17,55,80,102,134],"bands":[18,23,135],"and":[19,41,62,71,92,105,145],"the":[20,26,34,81,100,106,120],"information":[21],"these":[22,103],"convey":[24],"are":[25,52,74,94,110],"keys":[27],"to":[28,83],"its":[29],"accuracy.":[30],"Random":[31],"Forest":[32],"is":[33,119,163,177],"most":[35,121],"widely":[36],"used":[37,187],"approach":[38],"but":[39,130],"better":[40],"more":[42],"modern":[43],"alternatives":[44],"do":[45],"exist.":[46],"In":[47,64,97],"this":[48,98],"paper,":[49],"state-of-the-art":[50],"methods":[51],"evaluated,":[53,164],"consisting":[54],"semantic":[56,127],"segmentation":[57,128],"networks":[58,104],"UNet":[61],"DeepLabV3+.":[63],"addition,":[65],"two":[66,107],"datasets":[67,108],"based":[68],"on":[69],"aircraft":[70,144],"satellite":[72,146],"generated":[75,109],"a":[77,131,175],"new":[78],"state":[79],"art":[82],"test":[84],"land":[85],"classification.":[87],"These":[88],"datasets,":[89],"called":[90],"UOPNOA":[91],"UOS2,":[93],"publicly":[95],"available.":[96],"work,":[99],"performance":[101,158],"evaluated.":[111],"This":[112,140],"paper":[113],"demonstrates":[114],"that":[115,142,173],"distance":[118],"important":[122],"factor":[123],"in":[124],"obtaining":[125],"good":[126,150],"results,":[129,151],"suitable":[132],"important.":[139],"proves":[141],"both":[143],"produce":[149],"although":[152],"for":[153,159,180,188],"different":[154],"reasons.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"cost":[157],"an":[160],"inference":[161],"prototype":[162],"comparing":[165],"various":[166],"Microsoft":[167],"Azure":[168],"architectures.":[169],"The":[170],"evaluation":[171],"concludes":[172],"GPU":[176,183],"unnecessarily":[178],"costly":[179],"deployment.":[181],"A":[182],"need":[184],"only":[185],"training.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
