{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127036765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030499","title":"SDGH-Net: Ship Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on Gaussian Heatmap Regression","display_name":"SDGH-Net: Ship Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on Gaussian Heatmap Regression","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127036765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030499","mag":"3127036765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/499/pdf?version=1612158355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/499/pdf?version=1612158355","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101840929","display_name":"Zhenqing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6394-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenqing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064605155","display_name":"Yi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3491-2385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010335935","display_name":"Futao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-0214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Futao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040515382","display_name":"Shixin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-7332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shixin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101710134","display_name":"Zhiyu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3186-3573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064605155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.2385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94664653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"499","last_page":"499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7794579267501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5304365158081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46187400817871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4550919532775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4513411521911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4269419014453888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3586937189102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33086591958999634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7794579267501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5304365158081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46187400817871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4550919532775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4513411521911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4269419014453888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3586937189102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33086591958999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/499/pdf?version=1612158355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:516a8d2378914465b1d4e82e10e45cd7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/516a8d2378914465b1d4e82e10e45cd7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 499 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/3/499/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 3; Pages: 499","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/499/pdf?version=1612158355","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127036765.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127036765.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1970782782","https://openalex.org/W2100503224","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2120066054","https://openalex.org/W2164383685","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2442495293","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2967615747","https://openalex.org/W2968090415","https://openalex.org/W2973455398","https://openalex.org/W2999146065","https://openalex.org/W3001406127","https://openalex.org/W3010021382","https://openalex.org/W3015659917","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3110314143","https://openalex.org/W3114992566","https://openalex.org/W3121594891","https://openalex.org/W4382897005","https://openalex.org/W4385373190","https://openalex.org/W7052809212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W2318112981","https://openalex.org/W3088721469","https://openalex.org/W2964954556","https://openalex.org/W3019910406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,199],"ship":[1,18,121,132,196],"detection":[2,34,63],"task":[3],"using":[4,193],"optical":[5],"remote":[6,28,59],"sensing":[7,60],"images":[8],"is":[9,215],"important":[10],"for":[11,224],"in":[12,58],"maritime":[13],"safety,":[14],"port":[15],"management":[16],"and":[17,46,77,172,212],"rescue.":[19],"With":[20],"the":[21,89,96,120,131,158,163,180,187,207,213],"wide":[22],"application":[23],"of":[24,32,165,182,189,210],"deep":[25],"learning":[26,166],"to":[27,55,71,118,178],"sensing,":[29],"a":[30,102,150,194],"series":[31],"target":[33],"algorithms,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"faster":[38],"regions":[39],"with":[40],"convolution":[41,171],"neural":[42,105],"network":[43],"feature":[44,123],"(R-CNN)":[45],"You":[47],"Only":[48],"Look":[49],"Once":[50],"(YOLO),":[51],"have":[52],"been":[53],"developed":[54],"detect":[56],"ships":[57],"images.":[61],"These":[62],"algorithms":[64],"use":[65],"fully":[66,97,103],"connected":[67,98],"layer":[68],"direct":[69,126],"regression":[70],"obtain":[72,119],"coordinate":[73],"points.":[74],"Although":[75],"training":[76],"forward":[78],"speed":[79,144],"are":[80],"fast,":[81],"they":[82],"lack":[83],"spatial":[84],"generalization":[85],"ability.":[86],"To":[87,143,156],"avoid":[88],"over-fitting":[90],"problem":[91],"that":[92,203],"may":[93],"arise":[94],"from":[95],"layer,":[99],"we":[100,148,168,222],"propose":[101],"convolutional":[104],"network,":[106],"SDGH-Net,":[107],"based":[108],"on":[109],"Gaussian":[110],"heatmap":[111],"regression.":[112,127],"SDGH-Net":[113],"uses":[114],"an":[115],"encoder\u2013decoder":[116],"structure":[117],"area":[122],"map":[124],"by":[125],"After":[128],"simple":[129],"post-processing,":[130],"polygon":[133],"annotation":[134],"can":[135],"be":[136],"obtained":[137],"without":[138],"non-maximum":[139],"suppression":[140],"(NMS)":[141],"processing.":[142],"up":[145],"model":[146],"training,":[147],"added":[149,173],"batch":[151],"normalization":[152],"(BN)":[153],"processing":[154],"layer.":[155],"increase":[157],"receptive":[159],"field":[160],"while":[161],"controlling":[162],"number":[164],"parameters,":[167],"introduced":[169],"dilated":[170],"it":[174],"at":[175],"different":[176,183],"rates":[177],"fuse":[179],"features":[181],"scales.":[184],"We":[185],"tested":[186],"performance":[188],"our":[190],"proposed":[191],"method":[192,205],"public":[195],"dataset":[197],"HRSC2016.":[198],"experimental":[200],"results":[201],"show":[202],"this":[204],"improves":[206],"recall":[208],"rate":[209],"ships,":[211],"F-measure":[214],"85.05%,":[216],"which":[217],"surpasses":[218],"all":[219],"other":[220],"methods":[221],"used":[223],"comparison.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
