{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995937353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242948","title":"A Weighted SVM-Based Approach to Tree Species Classification at Individual Tree Crown Level Using LiDAR Data","display_name":"A Weighted SVM-Based Approach to Tree Species Classification at Individual Tree Crown Level Using LiDAR Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995937353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242948","mag":"2995937353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11242948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242948","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2948/pdf?version=1575897026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2948/pdf?version=1575897026","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636361","display_name":"Hoang Minh Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9891-0106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103225651","display_name":"Fondazione Edmund Mach","ror":"https://ror.org/0381bab64","country_code":"IT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["IT","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoang Minh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy","External Affairs Office, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"External Affairs Office, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No.1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087126293","display_name":"Beg\u00fcm Demir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-7072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beg\u00fcm Demir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Einsteinufer 17, 10587 Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Einsteinufer 17, 10587 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055675691","display_name":"Michele Dalponte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9850-8985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103225651","display_name":"Fondazione Edmund Mach","ror":"https://ror.org/0381bab64","country_code":"IT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michele Dalponte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy","Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige (TN), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055675691"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70194742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"24","first_page":"2948","last_page":"2948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6205764412879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6035736203193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6018122434616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5793032646179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5526561737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.525024950504303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4522458016872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4220009446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4202863574028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4076700508594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36420542001724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22495636343955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09626889228820801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6205764412879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6035736203193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6018122434616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5793032646179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5526561737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.525024950504303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4522458016872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4220009446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4202863574028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4076700508594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36420542001724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22495636343955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09626889228820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11242948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242948","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2948/pdf?version=1575897026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/24/2948/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 24; Pages: 2948","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openpub.fmach.it:10449/58569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10449/58569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196413","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Fondazione Edmund Mach)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I103225651","host_organization_name":"Fondazione Edmund Mach","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103225651"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11242948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242948","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2948/pdf?version=1575897026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4904913167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"244599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995937353.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995937353.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496825334","https://openalex.org/W1967621805","https://openalex.org/W1979678339","https://openalex.org/W1985327665","https://openalex.org/W2022576632","https://openalex.org/W2028413465","https://openalex.org/W2036061791","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2055578819","https://openalex.org/W2055734610","https://openalex.org/W2057911252","https://openalex.org/W2059217921","https://openalex.org/W2059854942","https://openalex.org/W2089648522","https://openalex.org/W2090858999","https://openalex.org/W2096828641","https://openalex.org/W2097337758","https://openalex.org/W2147197381","https://openalex.org/W2147547492","https://openalex.org/W2181716224","https://openalex.org/W2182128045","https://openalex.org/W2279188631","https://openalex.org/W2315994349","https://openalex.org/W2320888670","https://openalex.org/W2342299051","https://openalex.org/W2474435807","https://openalex.org/W2515306179","https://openalex.org/W2581388530","https://openalex.org/W2586340278","https://openalex.org/W2588926339","https://openalex.org/W2757142005","https://openalex.org/W2797962635","https://openalex.org/W6665363120","https://openalex.org/W6686379823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4224922629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tree":[0],"species":[1,42,57,98,177],"classification":[2,37,143],"at":[3,99,178],"individual":[4],"tree":[5,41,56,97,115,176],"crowns":[6],"(ITCs)":[7],"level,":[8],"using":[9],"remote-sensing":[10],"data,":[11],"requires":[12],"the":[13,30,34,40,55,61,94,119,122,126,142,147,160,164,175,185,206,210,213],"availability":[14],"of":[15,19,33,39,54,63,96,114,121,125,149,163,189,212],"a":[16,86,166],"sufficient":[17],"number":[18],"reliable":[20],"reference":[21],"samples":[22,65,136],"(i.e.,":[23],"training":[24,135],"samples)":[25],"to":[26,67,111,117,133,138,145,155,173],"be":[27],"used":[28],"in":[29,81,153,159,205],"learning":[31,161],"phase":[32,162],"classifier.":[35],"The":[36,102,171],"performance":[38],"is":[43,169],"mainly":[44],"affected":[45],"by":[46],"two":[47,201],"main":[48],"issues:":[49],"(i)":[50,107],"an":[51],"imbalanced":[52,123],"distribution":[53,124],"classes,":[58],"and":[59,73,128,187,193],"(ii)":[60,129],"presence":[62],"unreliable":[64,150],"due":[66],"field":[68],"collection":[69],"errors,":[70],"coordinate":[71],"misalignments,":[72],"ITCs":[74],"delineation":[75],"errors.":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"these":[79],"problems,":[80],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"present":[85],"weighted":[87],"Support":[88],"Vector":[89],"Machine":[90],"(wSVM)-based":[91],"approach":[92,104],"for":[93,141],"detection":[95,192],"ITC":[100,179],"level.":[101],"proposed":[103,214],"initially":[105],"extracts":[106],"different":[108,112,130,134,157],"weights":[109,131,158],"associated":[110,132],"classes":[113],"species,":[116],"mitigate":[118],"effect":[120,148],"classes;":[127],"according":[137],"their":[139],"importance":[140],"problem,":[144],"reduce":[146],"samples.":[151],"Then,":[152],"order":[154],"exploit":[156],"classifier":[165],"wSVM":[167],"algorithm":[168],"used.":[170],"features":[172],"characterize":[174],"level":[180],"are":[181],"extracted":[182],"from":[183],"both":[184],"elevation":[186],"intensity":[188],"airborne":[190],"light":[191],"ranging":[194],"(LiDAR)":[195],"data.":[196],"Experimental":[197],"results":[198],"obtained":[199],"on":[200],"study":[202],"areas":[203],"located":[204],"Italian":[207],"Alps":[208],"show":[209],"effectiveness":[211],"approach.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}