{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994078257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","title":"Canopy Height Estimation from Single Multispectral 2D Airborne Imagery Using Texture Analysis and Machine Learning in Structurally Rich Temperate Forests","display_name":"Canopy Height Estimation from Single Multispectral 2D Airborne Imagery Using Texture Analysis and Machine Learning in Structurally Rich Temperate Forests","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994078257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","mag":"2994078257"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078559735","display_name":"Christos Boutsoukis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0335-7577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Boutsoukis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Understanding Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Understanding Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032502649","display_name":"Ioannis Manakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-294X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Manakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd. 6th km, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd. 6th km, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006620203","display_name":"Marco Heurich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0051-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800389101","display_name":"Bavarian Forest National Park","ror":"https://ror.org/05b2t8s27","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800389101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Heurich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nature Protection and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nature Protection and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800389101"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018812989","display_name":"Anastasios Delopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8220-8486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Delopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Understanding Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Understanding Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032502649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63657636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"23","first_page":"2853","last_page":"2853"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6651440262794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6192012429237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5444785356521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.53668212890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.5307739973068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.506046712398529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.4920167624950409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.44310900568962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.4379134178161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4254070818424225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39301344752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3690940737724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.20146918296813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1919327676296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.14553147554397583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6651440262794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6192012429237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5444785356521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.53668212890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.5307739973068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.506046712398529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.4920167624950409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44310900568962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.4379134178161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4254070818424225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39301344752311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3690940737724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.20146918296813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1919327676296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.14553147554397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/23/2853/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 23; Pages: 2853","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512098439","https://openalex.org/W1564792668","https://openalex.org/W1566532634","https://openalex.org/W1566741453","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1620412164","https://openalex.org/W1632706404","https://openalex.org/W1822348759","https://openalex.org/W1964656717","https://openalex.org/W1968258303","https://openalex.org/W1983315093","https://openalex.org/W1986504269","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W1991673775","https://openalex.org/W1991691127","https://openalex.org/W1994809198","https://openalex.org/W2001470990","https://openalex.org/W2005885990","https://openalex.org/W2006983504","https://openalex.org/W2008926204","https://openalex.org/W2010290110","https://openalex.org/W2017527807","https://openalex.org/W2019575783","https://openalex.org/W2020585127","https://openalex.org/W2023967474","https://openalex.org/W2032413422","https://openalex.org/W2033773650","https://openalex.org/W2043871384","https://openalex.org/W2044366455","https://openalex.org/W2048773673","https://openalex.org/W2051478166","https://openalex.org/W2063175836","https://openalex.org/W2078099285","https://openalex.org/W2081300648","https://openalex.org/W2083084799","https://openalex.org/W2087670708","https://openalex.org/W2091280333","https://openalex.org/W2096127742","https://openalex.org/W2096763839","https://openalex.org/W2098805041","https://openalex.org/W2098823605","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2104252070","https://openalex.org/W2105339792","https://openalex.org/W2106066733","https://openalex.org/W2108771091","https://openalex.org/W2121187499","https://openalex.org/W2123038009","https://openalex.org/W2124706543","https://openalex.org/W2125614842","https://openalex.org/W2129401492","https://openalex.org/W2129464821","https://openalex.org/W2130111708","https://openalex.org/W2132108972","https://openalex.org/W2134346724","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2143833843","https://openalex.org/W2145717442","https://openalex.org/W2150610845","https://openalex.org/W2152690055","https://openalex.org/W2152918725","https://openalex.org/W2154905357","https://openalex.org/W2161548576","https://openalex.org/W2165796970","https://openalex.org/W2167468363","https://openalex.org/W2289402370","https://openalex.org/W2322015394","https://openalex.org/W2484561438","https://openalex.org/W2495260571","https://openalex.org/W2589181229","https://openalex.org/W2611080000","https://openalex.org/W2748633918","https://openalex.org/W2884205852","https://openalex.org/W2911554154","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2945958600","https://openalex.org/W2968347155","https://openalex.org/W3014167296","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W6636681013","https://openalex.org/W6678116822","https://openalex.org/W6682560047","https://openalex.org/W6775795280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162498776","https://openalex.org/W2133677237","https://openalex.org/W2006750359","https://openalex.org/W2065925762","https://openalex.org/W3212606271","https://openalex.org/W2162298841","https://openalex.org/W2001618165","https://openalex.org/W2419120635","https://openalex.org/W4353089720","https://openalex.org/W2056769725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Canopy":[0],"height":[1,83,155,231],"is":[2,28,96,145],"a":[3,18,29,78,89,127,151,178,192,227],"fundamental":[4],"biophysical":[5],"and":[6,15,17,22,25,47,57,72,122,133,136,209,224,253,266],"structural":[7],"parameter,":[8],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,31,81,117,158],"biodiversity":[11],"monitoring,":[12],"forest":[13],"inventory":[14],"management,":[16],"number":[19,128],"of":[20,35,129,142,154,239,244,262,277,279],"ecological":[21],"environmental":[23],"studies":[24],"applications.":[26],"It":[27],"determinant":[30],"linking":[32],"the":[33,54,143,146,203,242,280],"classification":[34],"land":[36,99,119],"cover":[37,100,120],"to":[38,63,107,166,182,264,282],"habitat":[39,159],"categories":[40],"towards":[41],"building":[42],"one-to-one":[43],"relationships.":[44],"Light":[45],"detection":[46],"ranging":[48],"(LiDAR)":[49],"or":[50],"3D":[51],"Stereoscopy":[52],"are":[53,115,175,199],"commonly":[55],"used":[56,123,157],"most":[58],"accurate":[59],"remote":[60],"sensing":[61],"approaches":[62],"measure":[64],"canopy":[65,82,230],"height.":[66],"However,":[67],"both":[68],"require":[69],"significant":[70],"time":[71],"budget":[73],"resources.":[74],"This":[75],"study":[76],"proposes":[77],"cost-effective":[79],"methodology":[80],"approximation":[84],"using":[85,98,217],"texture":[86,112],"analysis":[87,144,255],"on":[88,202],"single":[90,132],"2D":[91],"image.":[92],"An":[93],"object-oriented":[94],"approach":[95,214],"followed":[97],"(LC)":[101],"map":[102],"as":[103,124,186,188],"segmentation":[104],"vector":[105,138],"layer":[106],"delineate":[108],"landscape":[109],"objects.":[110],"Global":[111],"feature":[113],"descriptors":[114],"calculated":[116],"each":[118],"object":[121],"variables":[125],"in":[126,150,275],"classifiers,":[130],"including":[131],"ensemble":[134],"trees,":[135],"support":[137],"machines.":[139],"The":[140,213],"aim":[141],"discrimination":[147],"among":[148],"classes":[149],"wide":[152],"range":[153,179],"values":[156],"mapping":[160],"(from":[161],"less":[162],"than":[163],"5":[164],"cm":[165],"40":[167],"m).":[168],"For":[169],"that":[170],"task,":[171],"different":[172],"spatial":[173,284],"resolutions":[174],"tested,":[176],"representing":[177],"from":[180,219],"airborne":[181,222],"spaceborne":[183],"quality":[184],"ones,":[185],"well":[187],"their":[189],"combinations,":[190],"forming":[191],"multiresolution":[193,254],"training":[194],"set.":[195],"Multiple":[196],"dataset":[197],"alternatives":[198],"formed":[200],"based":[201],"missing":[204],"data":[205,210],"handling,":[206],"outlier":[207],"removal,":[208],"normalization":[211],"techniques.":[212],"was":[215],"applied":[216],"orthomosaics":[218],"DMC":[220],"II":[221],"images,":[223],"evaluated":[225],"against":[226],"reference":[228],"LiDAR-derived":[229],"model":[232],"(CHM).":[233],"Results":[234],"reached":[235],"overall":[236],"object-based":[237],"accuracies":[238,261],"67%":[240],"with":[241],"percentage":[243],"total":[245],"area":[246],"correctly":[247],"classified":[248],"exceeding":[249],"88%.":[250],"Sentinel-2":[251],"simulation":[252],"(MRA)":[256],"experiments":[257],"achieved":[258],"even":[259],"higher":[260],"up":[263],"85%":[265],"91%,":[267],"respectively,":[268],"at":[269],"reduced":[270],"computational":[271],"cost,":[272],"showing":[273],"potential":[274],"terms":[276],"transferability":[278],"framework":[281],"large":[283],"scales.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}