{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981281324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202376","title":"Efficient Object Detection Framework and Hardware Architecture for Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"Efficient Object Detection Framework and Hardware Architecture for Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981281324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202376","mag":"2981281324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11202376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202376","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2376/pdf?version=1571810867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2376/pdf?version=1571810867","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110682385","display_name":"Lin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3183-808X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fourth Design Department, Beijing Institute of Microelectronics Technology, Beijing 100076, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fourth Design Department, Beijing Institute of Microelectronics Technology, Beijing 100076, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002947350","display_name":"Shengbing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengbing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103261617","display_name":"Juan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6383-3613"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Animation and Software, Xi\u2019an Vocational and Technical College, Xi\u2019an 710077, China","School of Animation and Software, Xi'an Vocational and Technical College, Xi'an 710077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animation and Software, Xi\u2019an Vocational and Technical College, Xi\u2019an 710077, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animation and Software, Xi'an Vocational and Technical College, Xi'an 710077, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110682385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I4210089056","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90827762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"20","first_page":"2376","last_page":"2376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7609341144561768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5117711424827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4585849940776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-architecture","display_name":"Hardware architecture","score":0.42147183418273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35868337750434875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3489134907722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20668253302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10607820749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.07666078209877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0712314248085022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7609341144561768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5117711424827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4585849940776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.42147183418273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35868337750434875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3489134907722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20668253302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10607820749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.07666078209877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0712314248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11202376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202376","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2376/pdf?version=1571810867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee4d6cac468c43febbad67fc9479bd11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee4d6cac468c43febbad67fc9479bd11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 20, p 2376 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/20/2376/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 20; Pages: 2376","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11202376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202376","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2376/pdf?version=1571810867","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981281324.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981281324.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1546961578","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1990315422","https://openalex.org/W2020436006","https://openalex.org/W2030183844","https://openalex.org/W2030719587","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2049677900","https://openalex.org/W2058436841","https://openalex.org/W2061413575","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2085527057","https://openalex.org/W2087330236","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2100503224","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117696986","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2125203716","https://openalex.org/W2145717442","https://openalex.org/W2152440692","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2157026765","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167069501","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2308318555","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2584311934","https://openalex.org/W2594157338","https://openalex.org/W2733535455","https://openalex.org/W2798838583","https://openalex.org/W2804711414","https://openalex.org/W2808678810","https://openalex.org/W2892094232","https://openalex.org/W2896478499","https://openalex.org/W2907812233","https://openalex.org/W2926837263","https://openalex.org/W2943295486","https://openalex.org/W2944068551","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4212788319","https://openalex.org/W4247470470","https://openalex.org/W4249932213","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6727208969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W2544482289","https://openalex.org/W3152699334","https://openalex.org/W2154401804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"detection":[1,45,130],"in":[2,50,144],"remote":[3],"sensing":[4],"images":[5],"on":[6,133,211,244,254],"a":[7],"satellite":[8],"or":[9],"aircraft":[10],"has":[11,77],"important":[12],"economic":[13],"and":[14,17,28,34,57,69,110,117,128,136,183,194,198,208,217,226,252,258,278,283],"military":[15],"significance":[16],"is":[18],"full":[19],"of":[20,73,125,138,141,152,163,196,202,228,237],"challenges.":[21],"This":[22],"task":[23],"requires":[24],"not":[25],"only":[26],"accurate":[27],"efficient":[29,90,149,270],"algorithms,":[30],"but":[31],"also":[32],"high-performance":[33],"low":[35],"power":[36,67,269],"hardware":[37,150,239],"architecture.":[38],"However,":[39],"existing":[40],"deep":[41,74,153],"learning":[42,75,154],"based":[43],"object":[44],"algorithms":[46],"require":[47],"further":[48],"optimization":[49,137],"small":[51,126],"objects":[52,127],"detection,":[53],"reduced":[54],"computational":[55,111],"complexity":[56],"parameter":[58],"size.":[59],"Meanwhile,":[60],"the":[61,70,104,123,134,139,145,184,200,212,224,229,235,255],"general-purpose":[62],"processor":[63,76,155,203,266],"cannot":[64],"achieve":[65,190],"better":[66,285],"efficiency,":[68],"previous":[71],"design":[72],"still":[78],"potential":[79],"for":[80,233],"mining":[81],"parallelism.":[82],"To":[83],"address":[84],"these":[85],"issues,":[86],"we":[87,147,241],"propose":[88,148],"an":[89],"context-based":[91],"feature":[92,114,119,174],"fusion":[93,115],"single":[94],"shot":[95],"multi-box":[96],"detector":[97],"(CBFF-SSD)":[98],"framework,":[99],"using":[100],"lightweight":[101],"MobileNet":[102],"as":[103],"backbone":[105],"network":[106],"to":[107,121,189],"reduce":[108],"parameters":[109],"complexity,":[112],"adding":[113],"units":[116,160,276,281],"detecting":[118],"maps":[120],"enhance":[122],"recognition":[124],"improve":[129],"accuracy.":[131],"Based":[132],"analysis":[135],"calculation":[140,201],"each":[142],"layer":[143],"algorithm,":[146],"architecture":[151],"with":[156,219],"multiple":[157,172],"neural":[158],"processing":[159,165,275,280],"(NPUs)":[161],"composed":[162],"2-D":[164],"elements":[166],"(PEs),":[167],"which":[168],"can":[169],"simultaneously":[170],"calculate":[171],"output":[173],"maps.":[175],"The":[176],"parallel":[177,191],"architecture,":[178,240],"hierarchical":[179],"on-chip":[180],"storage":[181],"organization,":[182],"local":[185],"register":[186],"are":[187,267],"used":[188],"processing,":[192],"sharing":[193],"reuse":[195],"data,":[197],"make":[199],"more":[204,268],"efficient.":[205],"Extensive":[206],"experiments":[207],"comprehensive":[209],"evaluations":[210],"public":[213],"NWPU":[214],"VHR-10":[215],"dataset":[216],"comparisons":[218],"some":[220],"state-of-the-art":[221,290],"approaches":[222],"demonstrate":[223],"effectiveness":[225],"superiority":[227],"proposed":[230,238,256],"framework.":[231],"Moreover,":[232],"evaluating":[234],"performance":[236,286],"implement":[242],"it":[243],"Xilinx":[245],"XC7Z100":[246],"field":[247],"programmable":[248],"gate":[249],"array":[250],"(FPGA)":[251],"test":[253],"CBFF-SSD":[257],"VGG16":[259],"models.":[260],"Experimental":[261],"results":[262],"show":[263],"that":[264],"our":[265],"than":[271,288],"general":[272],"purpose":[273],"central":[274],"(CPUs)":[277],"graphics":[279],"(GPUs),":[282],"have":[284],"density":[287],"other":[289],"FPGA-based":[291],"designs.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}