{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979736561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192332","title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Monitoring Macroalgal Biodiversity: Comparison of RGB and Multispectral Imaging Sensors for Biodiversity Assessments","display_name":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Monitoring Macroalgal Biodiversity: Comparison of RGB and Multispectral Imaging Sensors for Biodiversity Assessments","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979736561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192332","mag":"2979736561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11192332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/19/2332/pdf?version=1570544017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/19/2332/pdf?version=1570544017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024200113","display_name":"Leigh W. Tait","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-139X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45935490","display_name":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04hxcaz34","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45935490"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leigh Tait","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45935490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058469324","display_name":"Jochen Bind","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45935490","display_name":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04hxcaz34","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45935490"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Bind","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45935490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087905307","display_name":"Hannah Charan-Dixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-0178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Charan-Dixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010490297","display_name":"Ian Hawes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-6903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Hawes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087106436","display_name":"John Pirker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Pirker","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066108602","display_name":"David R. Schiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-3185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Schiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024200113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45935490"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.043,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95666515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"19","first_page":"2332","last_page":"2332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12213","display_name":"Marine Ecology and Invasive Species","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8930157423019409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7976416349411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.5602651238441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intertidal-zone","display_name":"Intertidal zone","score":0.5394275188446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5225838422775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5120773911476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat","display_name":"Habitat","score":0.46897873282432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4324837327003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4191535711288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25765764713287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.23905742168426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22597825527191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.220533549785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19563129544258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.14562734961509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07989886403083801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8930157423019409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7976416349411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.5602651238441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174580923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421069","display_name":"Intertidal zone","level":2,"score":0.5394275188446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5225838422775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5120773911476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.46897873282432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4324837327003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4191535711288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25765764713287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.23905742168426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22597825527191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.220533549785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19563129544258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.14562734961509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07989886403083801}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11192332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/19/2332/pdf?version=1570544017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93edd71b284d4e3a828869c0f8306fe1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93edd71b284d4e3a828869c0f8306fe1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 19, p 2332 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/19/2332/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 19; Pages: 2332","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11192332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/19/2332/pdf?version=1570544017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979736561.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979736561.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509580406","https://openalex.org/W1558127587","https://openalex.org/W1971495154","https://openalex.org/W1972466199","https://openalex.org/W1983767311","https://openalex.org/W1989279348","https://openalex.org/W1992981705","https://openalex.org/W1999390790","https://openalex.org/W2006080894","https://openalex.org/W2043485442","https://openalex.org/W2049562067","https://openalex.org/W2052700773","https://openalex.org/W2055569421","https://openalex.org/W2075021380","https://openalex.org/W2082652750","https://openalex.org/W2089212648","https://openalex.org/W2089747938","https://openalex.org/W2090583569","https://openalex.org/W2113361237","https://openalex.org/W2143780283","https://openalex.org/W2155794442","https://openalex.org/W2162371906","https://openalex.org/W2184923025","https://openalex.org/W2202721906","https://openalex.org/W2253409621","https://openalex.org/W2268815988","https://openalex.org/W2325339739","https://openalex.org/W2473009902","https://openalex.org/W2519624182","https://openalex.org/W2524032831","https://openalex.org/W2554163354","https://openalex.org/W2605568841","https://openalex.org/W2611213186","https://openalex.org/W2745368298","https://openalex.org/W2765348650","https://openalex.org/W2793263498","https://openalex.org/W2811407369","https://openalex.org/W2888766590","https://openalex.org/W2898331420","https://openalex.org/W2900848656","https://openalex.org/W2902329494","https://openalex.org/W2903664117","https://openalex.org/W2914671596","https://openalex.org/W2920739484","https://openalex.org/W2938140599","https://openalex.org/W2961290969","https://openalex.org/W3125113274","https://openalex.org/W4298308747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022304901","https://openalex.org/W2018850895","https://openalex.org/W1987483041","https://openalex.org/W2988577871","https://openalex.org/W4391030644","https://openalex.org/W4205174160","https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4403391793","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W283587633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Developments":[0],"in":[1,16,107,165],"the":[2,30,43,57,84,150,203],"capabilities":[3],"and":[4,24,61,70,97,143,179],"affordability":[5],"of":[6,22,32,45,59,88,152,158,175,191,200,205],"unmanned":[7],"aerial":[8],"vehicles":[9],"(UAVs)":[10],"have":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,75,94,124],"an":[14],"explosion":[15],"their":[17],"use":[18,58],"for":[19,48,67,134,183],"a":[20,76,155,197],"range":[21],"ecological":[23],"agricultural":[25],"remote":[26,95],"sensing":[27,96,147],"applications.":[28],"However,":[29],"ubiquity":[31],"visible":[33],"light":[34],"cameras":[35,63],"aboard":[36,65],"readily":[37],"available":[38],"UAVs":[39,66],"may":[40],"be":[41,210],"limiting":[42],"application":[44],"these":[46],"devices":[47],"fine-scale,":[49],"high":[50,77],"taxonomic":[51,78],"resolution":[52],"monitoring.":[53],"Here":[54],"we":[55,101],"compare":[56],"RGB":[60,128,141,170],"multispectral":[62,117,146,168,181],"deployed":[64],"assessing":[68],"intertidal":[69,185],"shallow":[71,108],"subtidal":[72,109],"marine":[73,89],"macroalgae":[74,90],"resolution.":[79],"Our":[80],"results":[81],"show":[82,102],"that":[83,103],"diverse":[85],"spectral":[86],"profiles":[87],"naturally":[91],"lend":[92],"themselves":[93],"habitat":[98,136,177],"classification.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"biodiversity":[104],"assessments,":[105],"particularly":[106],"habitats,":[110],"are":[111],"enhanced":[112],"using":[113],"six-band":[114],"discrete":[115],"wavelength":[116],"sensors":[118,129,171,182],"(81%":[119],"accuracy,":[120,131],"Cohen\u2019s":[121,132],"Kappa)":[122,133],"compared":[123],"three-band":[125],"broad":[126,139,176],"channel":[127],"(79%":[130],"10":[135],"classes.":[137],"Combining":[138],"band":[140,145],"signals":[142],"narrow":[144],"further":[148],"improved":[149],"accuracy":[151,157,166],"classification":[153,178],"with":[154,167,216],"combined":[156],"90%":[159],"(Cohen\u2019s":[160],"Kappa).":[161],"Despite":[162],"notable":[163],"improvements":[164],"imaging,":[169],"were":[172],"highly":[173],"capable":[174],"rivaled":[180],"classifying":[184],"habitats.":[186],"High":[187],"spatial":[188],"scale":[189],"monitoring":[190],"turbid":[192],"exposed":[193],"rocky":[194],"reefs":[195],"presents":[196],"unique":[198],"set":[199],"challenges,":[201],"but":[202],"limitations":[204],"more":[206],"traditional":[207],"methods":[208],"can":[209],"overcome":[211],"by":[212],"targeting":[213],"ideal":[214],"conditions":[215],"UAVs.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}