{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2965028400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161841","title":"A Modeling and Measurement Approach for the Uncertainty of Features Extracted from Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"A Modeling and Measurement Approach for the Uncertainty of Features Extracted from Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2965028400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161841","mag":"2965028400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11161841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161841","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1841/pdf?version=1565165892","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1841/pdf?version=1565165892","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348837","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-1350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058599047","display_name":"Penglin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1821-538X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Penglin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049187598","display_name":"Yao Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-1347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058599047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.543,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71369224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"16","first_page":"1841","last_page":"1841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7016046643257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6933865547180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.6743942499160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6187956929206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5612737536430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5580083131790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5405323505401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5326672792434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5033451914787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4883255660533905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-analysis","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","score":0.46717533469200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4172450602054596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.22640174627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06412237882614136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7016046643257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6933865547180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.6743942499160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6187956929206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5612737536430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5580083131790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5405323505401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5326672792434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5033451914787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4883255660533905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.46717533469200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4172450602054596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.22640174627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06412237882614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11161841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161841","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1841/pdf?version=1565165892","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c5a689cdafc94d9ca2d67f9b38f7659e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c5a689cdafc94d9ca2d67f9b38f7659e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 16, p 1841 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/16/1841/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 16; Pages: 1841","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11161841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161841","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1841/pdf?version=1565165892","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965028400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2965028400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510526001","https://openalex.org/W1595130606","https://openalex.org/W1929074744","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1984986643","https://openalex.org/W1986983672","https://openalex.org/W1988437943","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2026745084","https://openalex.org/W2044439250","https://openalex.org/W2044623981","https://openalex.org/W2046611156","https://openalex.org/W2054389300","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2079054072","https://openalex.org/W2084818612","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2102673432","https://openalex.org/W2103568877","https://openalex.org/W2130627644","https://openalex.org/W2132249643","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2140840645","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2162283024","https://openalex.org/W2166923144","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2503642504","https://openalex.org/W2509542616","https://openalex.org/W2562097207","https://openalex.org/W2595745675","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2768537477","https://openalex.org/W2772475035","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2808356099","https://openalex.org/W2886170166","https://openalex.org/W2890026924","https://openalex.org/W2905036214","https://openalex.org/W2909060208","https://openalex.org/W2910627225","https://openalex.org/W2915254566","https://openalex.org/W2953915092","https://openalex.org/W2955949092","https://openalex.org/W3122291036","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6630424276","https://openalex.org/W6764736626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W3046039077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31],"reliability":[1,43],"of":[2,25,33,46,58,62,74,81,83,95,99,115,127,135,157,168,229,243,253,260],"remote":[3],"sensing":[4],"(RS)":[5],"image":[6,13,34,47,84,128,170,223],"classification":[7,14,48,203,266],"is":[8,65,130,159,184],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,71,124,268],"applying":[11],"RS":[12,29,63,100,238,269],"results.":[15,49],"However,":[16],"it":[17],"has":[18],"received":[19],"minimal":[20],"attention,":[21],"especially":[22],"the":[23,42,53,59,72,92,96,110,125,133,153,165,172,192,202,227,230,241,244,250,258],"uncertainty":[24,32,61,82,98,126,167,182,252,261],"features":[26,35,129],"extracted":[27],"from":[28],"images.":[30,270],"constantly":[36],"accumulates,":[37],"propagates,":[38],"and":[39,44,56,79,90,104,112,121,152,163,174,190,222],"ultimately":[40],"affects":[41],"accuracy":[45],"Thus,":[50],"research":[51,75],"on":[52,76,109,132,149,235,249],"quantitative":[54,77],"modeling":[55,78,120],"measurement":[57,80,122],"feature":[60,97,105,116,166,175,181,193,251],"images":[64,101,239,254],"very":[66],"necessary.":[67],"To":[68],"make":[69],"up":[70],"lack":[73],"features,":[85],"this":[86,139],"study":[87,248],"first":[88],"investigates":[89],"summarizes":[91],"appearance":[93],"characteristics":[94],"in":[102,171,216],"geospatial":[103,173],"space":[106,176],"domains":[107],"based":[108,148],"source":[111],"formation":[113],"mechanisms":[114],"uncertainty.":[117],"Then,":[118],"a":[119,141,180],"approach":[123],"proposed":[131,160,231,245],"basis":[134],"these":[136],"characteristics.":[137],"In":[138,178],"approach,":[140],"new":[142],"Local":[143,154],"Adaptive":[144],"Multi-Feature":[145],"Weighting":[146],"Method":[147],"Information":[150],"Entropy":[151],"Distribution":[155],"Density":[156],"Points":[158],"to":[161,187,200,205,225,257],"model":[162],"measure":[164],"an":[169],"domains.":[177],"addition,":[179],"index":[183],"also":[185,197],"constructed":[186],"comprehensively":[188],"describe":[189],"quantify":[191],"uncertainty,":[194],"which":[195],"can":[196],"be":[198],"used":[199],"refine":[201],"map":[204],"improve":[206],"its":[207],"accuracy.":[208],"Finally,":[209],"we":[210],"propose":[211],"two":[212,217,236],"effectiveness":[213],"verification":[214],"schemes":[215,267],"perspectives,":[218],"namely,":[219],"statistical":[220],"analysis":[221],"classification,":[224],"verify":[226],"validity":[228,242],"approach.":[232,246],"Experimental":[233],"results":[234],"real":[237],"confirm":[240],"Our":[247],"may":[255],"contribute":[256],"development":[259],"control":[262],"methods":[263],"or":[264],"reliable":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2019-08-13T00:00:00"}