{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951680932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111380","title":"Mapping Invasive Phragmites australis in the Old Woman Creek Estuary Using UAV Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Classifiers","display_name":"Mapping Invasive Phragmites australis in the Old Woman Creek Estuary Using UAV Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Classifiers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951680932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111380","mag":"2951680932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111380","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1380/pdf?version=1560331953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1380/pdf?version=1560331953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078986619","display_name":"Tharindu Abeysinghe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tharindu Abeysinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075290078","display_name":"Anita \u0160imi\u0107 Milas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1573-1925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anita Simic Milas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014678067","display_name":"Kristin K. Arend","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-1050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281948896","display_name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/05p85rs79","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281948896"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristin Arend","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve, Huron, OH 44839, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve, Huron, OH 44839, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281948896"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071027272","display_name":"Breann Hohman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Breann Hohman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fireland Coastal Tributaries, Erie Soil and Water Conservation District, Sandusky, OH 44870, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fireland Coastal Tributaries, Erie Soil and Water Conservation District, Sandusky, OH 44870, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066153127","display_name":"Patrick Reil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Reil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006625420","display_name":"Andrew J. Gregory","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-3236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Gregory","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059464208","display_name":"Ang\u00e9lica V\u00e1zquez\u2010Ortega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-8314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ang\u00e9lica V\u00e1zquez-Ortega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078986619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.9024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95593724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"11","first_page":"1380","last_page":"1380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phragmites","display_name":"Phragmites","score":0.8929499387741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.5730676651000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.546328067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.528540313243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49382075667381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4845218062400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.46676748991012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4607231914997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estuary","display_name":"Estuary","score":0.43475186824798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40634840726852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3301212191581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18511134386062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.1738586723804474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1590430736541748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781178838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1976487","display_name":"Phragmites","level":3,"score":0.8929499387741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.5730676651000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.546328067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.528540313243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49382075667381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4845218062400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.46676748991012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4607231914997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88160329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47053","display_name":"Estuary","level":2,"score":0.43475186824798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40634840726852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3301212191581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18511134386062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.1738586723804474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1590430736541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111380","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1380/pdf?version=1560331953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76687d15657f40bb9d3afc720b0bf586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76687d15657f40bb9d3afc720b0bf586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 11, p 1380 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/11/1380/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 11; Pages: 1380","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111380","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1380/pdf?version=1560331953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951680932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951680932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43295688","https://openalex.org/W336371317","https://openalex.org/W1522525389","https://openalex.org/W1602811519","https://openalex.org/W1873332500","https://openalex.org/W1967400946","https://openalex.org/W1976044762","https://openalex.org/W1981556642","https://openalex.org/W2001304276","https://openalex.org/W2002290084","https://openalex.org/W2009202065","https://openalex.org/W2015258183","https://openalex.org/W2019549520","https://openalex.org/W2021814868","https://openalex.org/W2031126473","https://openalex.org/W2035222601","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2064382202","https://openalex.org/W2065040528","https://openalex.org/W2066907060","https://openalex.org/W2070126351","https://openalex.org/W2072633546","https://openalex.org/W2075497788","https://openalex.org/W2079454091","https://openalex.org/W2080116978","https://openalex.org/W2082081125","https://openalex.org/W2082991277","https://openalex.org/W2084586151","https://openalex.org/W2084668217","https://openalex.org/W2087556827","https://openalex.org/W2088113873","https://openalex.org/W2088401731","https://openalex.org/W2089441588","https://openalex.org/W2099170281","https://openalex.org/W2101051003","https://openalex.org/W2102903558","https://openalex.org/W2105757120","https://openalex.org/W2108948758","https://openalex.org/W2113283209","https://openalex.org/W2113818227","https://openalex.org/W2114475797","https://openalex.org/W2116964561","https://openalex.org/W2117120016","https://openalex.org/W2117297105","https://openalex.org/W2118578011","https://openalex.org/W2123935991","https://openalex.org/W2127348003","https://openalex.org/W2133125644","https://openalex.org/W2137155271","https://openalex.org/W2150212382","https://openalex.org/W2159716884","https://openalex.org/W2162911488","https://openalex.org/W2163826476","https://openalex.org/W2166307050","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2168851529","https://openalex.org/W2214723311","https://openalex.org/W2241715985","https://openalex.org/W2397741397","https://openalex.org/W2528004483","https://openalex.org/W2560609064","https://openalex.org/W2567495574","https://openalex.org/W2606100861","https://openalex.org/W2617056706","https://openalex.org/W2620230310","https://openalex.org/W2620234846","https://openalex.org/W2751262706","https://openalex.org/W2752983793","https://openalex.org/W2790858865","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2803583446","https://openalex.org/W2806275531","https://openalex.org/W2882978071","https://openalex.org/W2898121939","https://openalex.org/W2901423210","https://openalex.org/W6601728851","https://openalex.org/W6639175750","https://openalex.org/W6677561372","https://openalex.org/W6678979910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061854569","https://openalex.org/W2328009737","https://openalex.org/W3176113198","https://openalex.org/W2011346835","https://openalex.org/W2805647008","https://openalex.org/W2356677996","https://openalex.org/W2366601368","https://openalex.org/W2186831007","https://openalex.org/W3150201428","https://openalex.org/W1994989251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAV)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,107],"spatiotemporal":[8],"monitoring":[9],"of":[10,18,34,94,100,102,110,167,179,191],"invasive":[11,19,39],"plants":[12],"in":[13,23,42,135,147],"coastal":[14],"wetlands.":[15,28],"Early":[16],"identification":[17],"species":[20],"is":[21],"necessary":[22],"planning,":[24],"restoring,":[25],"and":[26,61,79,96,124,139,160,183],"managing":[27],"This":[29],"study":[30,175],"assessed":[31],"the":[32,43,71,87,97,104,129,136,148,165,172,177,189],"effectiveness":[33],"UAV":[35],"technology":[36],"to":[37],"identify":[38],"Phragmites":[40],"australis":[41],"Old":[44],"Woman":[45],"Creek":[46],"(OWC)":[47],"estuary":[48],"using":[49,77,153],"machine":[50,59],"learning":[51],"(ML)":[52],"algorithms:":[53],"Neural":[54],"network":[55],"(NN),":[56],"support":[57],"vector":[58],"(SVM),":[60],"k-nearest":[62],"neighbor":[63],"(kNN).":[64],"The":[65,112,150,174],"ML":[66],"algorithms":[67],"were":[68,114],"compared":[69],"with":[70,90,128],"parametric":[72],"maximum":[73],"likelihood":[74],"classifier":[75,89],"(MLC)":[76],"pixel-":[78],"object-based":[80],"methods.":[81],"Pixel-based":[82],"NN":[83],"was":[84],"identified":[85],"as":[86,186,188],"best":[88],"an":[91],"overall":[92],"accuracy":[93],"94.80%":[95],"lowest":[98],"error":[99],"omission":[101],"1.59%,":[103],"outcome":[105],"desirable":[106],"effective":[108],"eradication":[109],"Phragmites.":[111],"results":[113],"reached":[115],"combining":[116],"Sequoia":[117],"multispectral":[118],"imagery":[119],"(green,":[120],"red,":[121],"red":[122],"edge,":[123],"near-infrared":[125],"bands)":[126],"combined":[127],"canopy":[130],"height":[131],"model":[132],"(CHM)":[133],"acquired":[134,145],"mid-growing":[137],"season":[138],"normalized":[140],"difference":[141],"vegetation":[142,155],"index":[143],"(NDVI)":[144],"later":[146],"season.":[149],"sensitivity":[151],"analysis,":[152],"various":[154,168],"indices,":[156],"image":[157],"texture,":[158],"CHM,":[159],"principal":[161],"components":[162],"(PC),":[163],"demonstrated":[164],"impact":[166],"feature":[169],"layers":[170],"on":[171],"classifiers.":[173],"emphasizes":[176],"necessity":[178],"a":[180],"suitable":[181],"sampling":[182],"cross-validation":[184],"methods,":[185],"well":[187],"importance":[190],"optimum":[192],"classification":[193],"parameters.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}