{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2948638562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111314","title":"An Unsupervised SAR Change Detection Method Based on Stochastic Subspace Ensemble Learning","display_name":"An Unsupervised SAR Change Detection Method Based on Stochastic Subspace Ensemble Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2948638562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111314","mag":"2948638562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111314","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1314/pdf?version=1559376272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1314/pdf?version=1559376272","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057568402","display_name":"Bin Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4984-7558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429043","display_name":"Yonghong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8574-9288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044602576","display_name":"Li Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-810X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101872543","display_name":"Jujie Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3626-393X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jujie Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100709665","display_name":"Hongan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-5654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong\u2019an Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044602576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.9888,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9412867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"11","first_page":"1314","last_page":"1314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.8089765310287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8041248321533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6984728574752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6141372919082642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.563564658164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5626240968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5297350287437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.441853404045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42493534088134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.410871684551239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.8089765310287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8041248321533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6984728574752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6141372919082642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.563564658164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5626240968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5297350287437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.441853404045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42493534088134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.410871684551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111314","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1314/pdf?version=1559376272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d555145e84b949eeb9ee8f4da94eeda7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d555145e84b949eeb9ee8f4da94eeda7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 11, p 1314 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/11/1314/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111314","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1314/pdf?version=1559376272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1692359407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0107100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1728873072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0107100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2436161984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41271430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466649759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6058138561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6745009698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2017YFE0107100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7678070607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41271430,41801284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8340078520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8933051196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948638562.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948638562.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523879065","https://openalex.org/W1964069486","https://openalex.org/W1964967908","https://openalex.org/W1965126626","https://openalex.org/W1969758979","https://openalex.org/W1998866072","https://openalex.org/W2000454085","https://openalex.org/W2014915397","https://openalex.org/W2022215152","https://openalex.org/W2034073840","https://openalex.org/W2043734872","https://openalex.org/W2049061912","https://openalex.org/W2055149942","https://openalex.org/W2058796521","https://openalex.org/W2071481167","https://openalex.org/W2087828778","https://openalex.org/W2090822373","https://openalex.org/W2094202273","https://openalex.org/W2110519070","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2126176832","https://openalex.org/W2144552105","https://openalex.org/W2165012164","https://openalex.org/W2221448138","https://openalex.org/W2508464150","https://openalex.org/W2513787030","https://openalex.org/W2557628340","https://openalex.org/W2611719608","https://openalex.org/W2740144340","https://openalex.org/W2763384353","https://openalex.org/W2774940675","https://openalex.org/W2803936222","https://openalex.org/W2810004461","https://openalex.org/W2888697548","https://openalex.org/W2910587630","https://openalex.org/W2914109710","https://openalex.org/W6631361901","https://openalex.org/W6674120290","https://openalex.org/W6689087335","https://openalex.org/W6758730096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3205829146","https://openalex.org/W4376643315","https://openalex.org/W4324137541","https://openalex.org/W2900445707","https://openalex.org/W4285741730","https://openalex.org/W1191482210","https://openalex.org/W4285046548","https://openalex.org/W4210302090","https://openalex.org/W3092276832","https://openalex.org/W4375951447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"synthetic":[1],"aperture":[2],"radar":[3],"(SAR)":[4],"is":[5,82],"playing":[6],"an":[7,75,147,191],"increasingly":[8],"important":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,41,70,181,201],"Earth":[12],"observations,":[13],"many":[14],"new":[15],"methods":[16,37],"and":[17,111,115,136,141,146,171,185,220],"technologies":[18],"have":[19,38,48],"been":[20,39],"proposed":[21,40,90,225],"for":[22,62],"change":[23,78],"detection":[24,79,208],"using":[25,120,190],"multi-temporal":[26],"SAR":[27,77,215],"images.":[28],"Especially":[29],"with":[30],"the":[31,45,59,63,100,116,121,132,143,157,173,176,179,182,186,194,207,218,221,224],"development":[32,65],"of":[33,52,58,66,93,103,159,178,213,223],"deep":[34],"learning,":[35],"numerous":[36],"recent":[42],"years.":[43],"However,":[44],"requirement":[46],"to":[47,155,167],"a":[49,108,112,138],"certain":[50],"number":[51],"high-quality":[53],"samples":[54],"has":[55],"become":[56],"one":[57],"main":[60],"reasons":[61],"limited":[64],"these":[67],"methods.":[68],"Thus,":[69],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"unsupervised":[76],"method":[80,91],"that":[81],"based":[83],"on":[84],"stochastic":[85,122],"subspace":[86,123],"ensemble":[87,124,148,192],"learning.":[88],"The":[89,96,150,162,210],"consists":[92],"two":[94],"stages:":[95],"first":[97],"stage":[98,118],"involves":[99],"automatic":[101],"determination":[102],"high-confidence":[104],"samples,":[105],"which":[106,127],"includes":[107],"fusion":[109],"strategy":[110],"refinement":[113],"process;":[114],"second":[117],"entails":[119],"learning":[125],"module,":[126],"contains":[128],"three":[129],"steps:":[130],"obtaining":[131],"subsample":[133,151],"sets,":[134],"establishing":[135],"training":[137],"two-channel":[139,163],"network,":[140],"applying":[142],"prediction":[144],"results":[145,195,212],"strategy.":[149],"sets":[152],"are":[153,165,204],"used":[154,166],"solve":[156],"problem":[158],"imbalanced":[160],"samples.":[161],"networks":[164],"extract":[168],"high-dimensional":[169],"features":[170],"learn":[172],"relationship":[174],"between":[175],"neighborhood":[177],"pixels":[180],"original":[183],"images":[184],"labels.":[187],"Finally,":[188],"by":[189,197],"strategy,":[193],"predicted":[196],"all":[198],"patches":[199],"reclassified":[200],"each":[202],"network":[203],"integrated":[205],"as":[206],"result.":[209],"experimental":[211],"different":[214],"datasets":[216],"prove":[217],"effectiveness":[219],"feasibility":[222],"method.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
