{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947698013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259","title":"Model Fusion for Building Type Classification from Aerial and Street View Images","display_name":"Model Fusion for Building Type Classification from Aerial and Street View Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947698013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259","mag":"2947698013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1259/pdf?version=1559035753","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1259/pdf?version=1559035753","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000097256","display_name":"Eike Jens Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eike Jens Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423138","display_name":"Yuanyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-9413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062987908","display_name":"Martin Werner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-8022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Werner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700900","display_name":"Jian Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068384981","display_name":"Xiao Xiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-3613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Xiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany","Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068384981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981","https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1467,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1582},"fwci":9.4278,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98080745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"11","first_page":"1259","last_page":"1259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6811108589172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6289105415344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.5227608680725098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4717104136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.43423354625701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.414695143699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4074747562408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36905521154403687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6811108589172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6289105415344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.5227608680725098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4717104136943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.43423354625701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.414695143699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4074747562408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36905521154403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1259/pdf?version=1559035753","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:128115","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d37c190069a4d048e4eb47770e9f93f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d37c190069a4d048e4eb47770e9f93f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 11, p 1259 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/11/1259/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 11; Pages: 1259","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1543464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1543464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11111259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111259","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1259/pdf?version=1559035753","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G403728962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VH-NG-1018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","funder_display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5036817778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innov","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7344532106","display_name":"Big Data for 4D Global Urban Mapping \u2013 10^16 Bytes from Social Media to EO Satellites","funder_award_id":"714087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8256147563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC-2016-StG-714087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633428685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovat","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/0281dp749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947698013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947698013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1946093182","https://openalex.org/W1978338723","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W2019400799","https://openalex.org/W2058220625","https://openalex.org/W2061153075","https://openalex.org/W2081418428","https://openalex.org/W2086604341","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2131241448","https://openalex.org/W2134670479","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2199890863","https://openalex.org/W2211843587","https://openalex.org/W2248723555","https://openalex.org/W2340161546","https://openalex.org/W2484731041","https://openalex.org/W2531044305","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2608596745","https://openalex.org/W2762186317","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2767959320","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2810004461","https://openalex.org/W2893256830","https://openalex.org/W2900849519","https://openalex.org/W2911555398","https://openalex.org/W2913087274","https://openalex.org/W2949514689","https://openalex.org/W2950182411","https://openalex.org/W2953320777","https://openalex.org/W2963126277","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964294898","https://openalex.org/W3103856189","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989735375","https://openalex.org/W2034727732","https://openalex.org/W2127305659","https://openalex.org/W2050609384","https://openalex.org/W2054964223","https://openalex.org/W1992574978","https://openalex.org/W2901309398","https://openalex.org/W2546503577","https://openalex.org/W3147207884","https://openalex.org/W1836423264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,23,46,60,71,75,101,118,126,133],"question":[4],"of":[5,22,45,48,52,59,74,86,90,106],"mapping":[6],"building":[7],"functions":[8],"jointly":[9],"using":[10,166],"both":[11],"aerial":[12,107],"and":[13,108,154,188,211],"street":[14,109],"view":[15,110],"images":[16,111],"via":[17],"deep":[18],"learning":[19,168],"techniques.":[20],"One":[21],"central":[24],"challenges":[25],"here":[26],"is":[27,142],"determining":[28],"a":[29,66,83,87,163,177,192,195],"data":[30],"fusion":[31,85,122],"strategy":[32],"that":[33,42,143],"can":[34],"cope":[35],"with":[36,182,204],"heterogeneous":[37],"image":[38,95],"modalities.":[39],"We":[40],"demonstrate":[41],"geometric":[43],"combinations":[44],"features":[47],"such":[49,191,207],"two":[50],"types":[51],"images,":[53],"especially":[54],"in":[55,104,125],"an":[56],"early":[57],"stage":[58],"convolutional":[61],"layers,":[62],"often":[63],"lead":[64],"to":[65,70,117,131,138,199],"destructive":[67],"effect":[68],"due":[69],"spatial":[72],"misalignment":[73],"features.":[76],"Therefore,":[77],"we":[78,128,175],"address":[79],"this":[80,99,173],"problem":[81],"through":[82],"decision-level":[84],"diverse":[88],"ensemble":[89],"models":[91],"trained":[92],"from":[93,136],"each":[94],"type":[96],"independently.":[97],"In":[98,172],"way,":[100],"significant":[102],"differences":[103],"appearance":[105],"are":[112,129,151],"taken":[113],"into":[114],"account.":[115],"Compared":[116],"common":[119],"multi-stream":[120],"end-to-end":[121],"approaches":[123],"proposed":[124],"literature,":[127],"able":[130],"increase":[132],"precision":[134],"scores":[135],"68%":[137],"76%.":[139],"Another":[140],"challenge":[141],"sophisticated":[144],"classification":[145,165,180,193],"schemes":[146],"needed":[147],"for":[148],"real":[149],"applications":[150],"highly":[152,178],"overlapping":[153],"not":[155],"very":[156,196],"well":[157],"defined":[158],"without":[159],"sharp":[160],"boundaries.":[161],"As":[162],"consequence,":[164],"machine":[167],"becomes":[169],"significantly":[170],"harder.":[171],"work,":[174],"choose":[176],"compact":[179],"scheme":[181],"four":[183],"classes,":[184],"commercial,":[185],"residential,":[186],"public,":[187],"industrial":[189],"because":[190],"has":[194],"high":[197],"value":[198],"urban":[200],"geography":[201],"being":[202],"correlated":[203],"socio-demographic":[205],"parameters":[206],"as":[208],"population":[209],"density":[210],"income.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2019-06-07T00:00:00"}