{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909379809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020104","title":"Fire on the Water Towers: Mapping Burn Scars on Mount Kenya Using Satellite Data to Reconstruct Recent Fire History","display_name":"Fire on the Water Towers: Mapping Burn Scars on Mount Kenya Using Satellite Data to Reconstruct Recent Fire History","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909379809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020104","mag":"2909379809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11020104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/104/pdf?version=1547016309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/104/pdf?version=1547016309","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069267843","display_name":"Mary C. Henry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-8004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mary C. Henry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064744668","display_name":"John K. Maingi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John K. Maingi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001796223","display_name":"J. L. McCarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-3931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica McCarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069267843"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5109,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65460521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"104","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-mapper","display_name":"Thematic Mapper","score":0.7812869548797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7250978350639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6423934698104858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.583772599697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5579137206077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mount","display_name":"Mount","score":0.53619384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.5203456282615662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5158542990684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderate-resolution-imaging-spectroradiometer","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","score":0.4861264228820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.37002530694007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.36391377449035645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775938548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1565182","display_name":"Thematic Mapper","level":3,"score":0.7812869548797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7250978350639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6423934698104858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.583772599697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5579137206077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14713","display_name":"Mount","level":2,"score":0.53619384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.5203456282615662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5158542990684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777007095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676840","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.4861264228820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.37002530694007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.36391377449035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11020104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/104/pdf?version=1547016309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb957ce793304108834a64fd07cf49c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb957ce793304108834a64fd07cf49c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 2, p 104 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/2/104/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 2; Pages: 104","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11020104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/104/pdf?version=1547016309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909379809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909379809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503802966","https://openalex.org/W1549258270","https://openalex.org/W1966272358","https://openalex.org/W1984209128","https://openalex.org/W1993125199","https://openalex.org/W2002418949","https://openalex.org/W2011409266","https://openalex.org/W2015042084","https://openalex.org/W2015666202","https://openalex.org/W2063568980","https://openalex.org/W2065588012","https://openalex.org/W2066589176","https://openalex.org/W2077833420","https://openalex.org/W2079242292","https://openalex.org/W2086014296","https://openalex.org/W2088821123","https://openalex.org/W2098514340","https://openalex.org/W2104404130","https://openalex.org/W2112671761","https://openalex.org/W2118247391","https://openalex.org/W2122594109","https://openalex.org/W2123350263","https://openalex.org/W2127629402","https://openalex.org/W2131772931","https://openalex.org/W2132716282","https://openalex.org/W2137683648","https://openalex.org/W2144230836","https://openalex.org/W2149650508","https://openalex.org/W2164183436","https://openalex.org/W2168081544","https://openalex.org/W2174648133","https://openalex.org/W2200518663","https://openalex.org/W2234446854","https://openalex.org/W2569475972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391780702","https://openalex.org/W2356532375","https://openalex.org/W2348949422","https://openalex.org/W4240803905","https://openalex.org/W1964866695","https://openalex.org/W2393173860","https://openalex.org/W2047432448","https://openalex.org/W2960762821","https://openalex.org/W769648878","https://openalex.org/W2471096927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mount":[0,66,91,180],"Kenya":[1,92,181],"is":[2],"one":[3,170],"of":[4,45,61,141,187],"Kenya\u2019s":[5],"\u2018water":[6],"towers\u2019,":[7],"the":[8,11,16,30,54,70,196],"headwaters":[9],"for":[10,126],"country\u2019s":[12],"major":[13],"rivers":[14],"including":[15],"Tana":[17],"River":[18],"and":[19,26,75,103,117,122,192],"Ewaso":[20],"Nyiro":[21],"River,":[22],"which":[23],"provide":[24,57],"water":[25,35],"hydroelectric":[27],"power":[28],"to":[29,40,56,131,175,204],"semiarid":[31],"region.":[32],"Fires":[33],"affect":[34],"downstream,":[36],"but":[37,200],"are":[38],"difficult":[39],"monitor":[41],"given":[42],"limited":[43],"resources":[44],"local":[46],"land":[47],"management":[48],"agencies.":[49],"Satellite-based":[50],"remote":[51,63],"sensing":[52],"has":[53],"potential":[55],"long":[58],"term":[59],"coverage":[60],"large":[62,177],"areas":[64,194],"on":[65,90,179],"Kenya,":[67],"especially":[68],"using":[69,93,144],"free":[71],"Landsat":[72,96,104],"data":[73,125,167],"archive":[74],"moderate":[76],"resolution":[77],"imaging":[78],"spectroradiometer":[79],"(MODIS)":[80],"fire":[81,120,190],"products.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"study,":[85],"we":[86,201],"mapped":[87],"burn":[88,115],"scars":[89],"30":[94,154],"m":[95,155],"7":[97],"Enhanced":[98],"Thematic":[99],"Mapper":[100],"Plus":[101],"(ETM+)":[102],"8":[105],"Operational":[106],"Land":[107],"Imager":[108],"(OLI)":[109],"derived":[110],"dNBR":[111,163],"(change":[112],"in":[113],"normalized":[114],"ratio)":[116],"MODIS":[118,188],"active":[119,189],"detection":[121],"burned":[123,193],"area":[124],"fires":[127,143,178],"occurring":[128],"from":[129,166,195],"2004":[130],"2015.":[132],"We":[133],"also":[134],"analyzed":[135],"topographic":[136],"position":[137],"(elevation,":[138],"slope,":[139],"aspect)":[140],"these":[142],"an":[145],"ASTER":[146],"global":[147],"digital":[148,156],"elevation":[149,157],"model":[150,158],"(GDEM":[151],"v2)":[152],"satellite-derived":[153],"(DEM).":[159],"Results":[160],"indicate":[161],"that":[162,182],"images":[164],"calculated":[165],"acquired":[168],"about":[169],"year":[171],"apart":[172],"were":[173,202],"able":[174],"identify":[176],"match":[183],"locations":[184],"(and":[185],"timing)":[186],"points":[191],"same":[197],"time":[198],"period,":[199],"unable":[203],"detect":[205],"smaller":[206],"and/or":[207],"older":[208],"fires.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-01-25T00:00:00"}
