{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896040051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101622","title":"Semi-Automated Delineation of Stands in an Even-Age Dominated Forest: A LiDAR-GEOBIA Two-Stage Evaluation Strategy","display_name":"Semi-Automated Delineation of Stands in an Even-Age Dominated Forest: A LiDAR-GEOBIA Two-Stage Evaluation Strategy","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896040051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101622","mag":"2896040051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10101622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101622","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1622/pdf?version=1539336190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1622/pdf?version=1539336190","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022376027","display_name":"Nuria S\u00e1nchez\u2010L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0455-3951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuria Sanchez-Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030974111","display_name":"Luigi Boschetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6525-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Boschetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077699288","display_name":"Andrew T. Hudak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-1458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140135","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/04347cr60","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156316","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f1fs902","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew T. Hudak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1221 South Main St., Moscow, ID 83843, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1221 South Main St., Moscow, ID 83843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156316","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022376027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71599667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"10","first_page":"1622","last_page":"1622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.78467857837677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-graphics","display_name":"Raster graphics","score":0.579483151435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5526785850524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.528995156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5075188875198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.47906240820884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.4702782928943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.44642165303230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.44307252764701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43881502747535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.4169406294822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.250865638256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.18754255771636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10153651237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09749600291252136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.78467857837677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.579483151435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5526785850524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.528995156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5075188875198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.47906240820884705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.4702782928943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.44642165303230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.44307252764701843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43881502747535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.4169406294822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.250865638256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.18754255771636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10153651237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09749600291252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10101622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101622","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1622/pdf?version=1539336190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a05aa3d9b2c4b90b2939c4db17ab89c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a05aa3d9b2c4b90b2939c4db17ab89c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 10, p 1622 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/10/1622/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 10; Pages: 1622","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10101622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101622","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1622/pdf?version=1539336190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3117339046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NHX14AD92G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7690341994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2011-32100-06016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896040051.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896040051.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29643851","https://openalex.org/W75876269","https://openalex.org/W785616431","https://openalex.org/W1590014818","https://openalex.org/W1967769689","https://openalex.org/W1973523498","https://openalex.org/W1979432452","https://openalex.org/W1981897942","https://openalex.org/W1983218766","https://openalex.org/W1984281128","https://openalex.org/W1987593359","https://openalex.org/W1991129553","https://openalex.org/W1995280601","https://openalex.org/W1996263757","https://openalex.org/W2002568643","https://openalex.org/W2008043556","https://openalex.org/W2019126302","https://openalex.org/W2021744742","https://openalex.org/W2022872731","https://openalex.org/W2051084846","https://openalex.org/W2063273970","https://openalex.org/W2063789326","https://openalex.org/W2087165084","https://openalex.org/W2089716607","https://openalex.org/W2095028777","https://openalex.org/W2097046261","https://openalex.org/W2103079830","https://openalex.org/W2105554350","https://openalex.org/W2111435577","https://openalex.org/W2112776483","https://openalex.org/W2121472011","https://openalex.org/W2121816206","https://openalex.org/W2129826572","https://openalex.org/W2133202481","https://openalex.org/W2142710676","https://openalex.org/W2150986124","https://openalex.org/W2153633422","https://openalex.org/W2162146569","https://openalex.org/W2186686638","https://openalex.org/W2325171775","https://openalex.org/W2417644879","https://openalex.org/W2521472256","https://openalex.org/W2560213937","https://openalex.org/W2594474574","https://openalex.org/W2604292667","https://openalex.org/W2612541393","https://openalex.org/W2688079092","https://openalex.org/W2739136309","https://openalex.org/W2755793808","https://openalex.org/W2767045712","https://openalex.org/W2771766796","https://openalex.org/W2788713138","https://openalex.org/W2884205852","https://openalex.org/W6716766360","https://openalex.org/W6737823158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4210818033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regional":[0],"scale":[1],"maps":[2],"of":[3,14,37,86,133,140,176],"homogeneous":[4],"forest":[5,10,87],"stands":[6,88,144],"are":[7,13,51,58,152],"valued":[8],"by":[9],"managers":[11],"and":[12,18,54,79,95,136,172,188,196],"interest":[15],"for":[16,83],"landscape":[17],"ecological":[19],"modelling.":[20],"Research":[21],"focused":[22,46],"on":[23,47,105],"stand":[24],"delineation":[25,85,132,180],"has":[26],"substantially":[27],"increased":[28],"in":[29,115],"the":[30,35,55,126,138,164,169,174],"last":[31],"decade":[32],"thanks":[33],"to":[34,142,155,181,198],"development":[36],"Geographic":[38],"Object":[39],"Based":[40],"Image":[41],"Analysis":[42],"(GEOBIA).":[43],"Nevertheless,":[44],"studies":[45],"even-age":[48],"dominated":[49],"forests":[50,135],"still":[52],"few":[53],"proposed":[56],"approaches":[57],"often":[59],"heuristic,":[60],"local,":[61],"or":[62],"lacking":[63],"objective":[64,187],"evaluation":[65,74,81,171],"protocols.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"study,":[69],"we":[70],"present":[71],"a":[72,121,177],"two-stage":[73,161],"strategy":[75,162],"combining":[76],"both":[77],"unsupervised":[78],"supervised":[80,170],"methods":[82],"semi-automatic":[84,179],"at":[89],"regional":[90],"scales":[91],"using":[92],"Light":[93],"Detection":[94],"Ranging":[96],"(LiDAR)":[97],"raster":[98],"summary":[99],"metrics.":[100],"The":[101,160],"methodology":[102],"is":[103,185],"demonstrated":[104],"two":[106],"contiguous":[107],"LiDAR":[108,141],"datasets":[109],"covering":[110],"more":[111,146],"than":[112,147],"54,000":[113],"ha":[114],"central":[116],"Idaho,":[117],"where":[118],"clearcuts":[119],"were":[120],"common":[122],"harvesting":[123],"method":[124],"during":[125],"twentieth":[127],"century.":[128],"Results":[129],"show":[130],"good":[131],"even-aged":[134],"demonstrate":[137],"ability":[139],"discriminate":[143,156],"harvested":[145],"50":[148],"years":[149],"ago,":[150],"that":[151,191],"generally":[153],"challenging":[154],"with":[157],"optical":[158],"data.":[159],"reduces":[163],"reference":[165],"data":[166],"required":[167],"within":[168],"increases":[173],"scope":[175],"reliable":[178],"larger":[182],"areas.":[183],"This":[184],"an":[186],"straightforward":[189],"approach":[190],"could":[192],"potentially":[193],"be":[194],"replicated":[195],"adapted":[197],"address":[199],"other":[200],"study":[201],"needs.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2018-10-26T00:00:00"}