{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2937699986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1020037","title":"Enhancing Domain-Specific Supervised Natural Language Intent Classification with a Top-Down Selective Ensemble Model","display_name":"Enhancing Domain-Specific Supervised Natural Language Intent Classification with a Top-Down Selective Ensemble Model","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2937699986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1020037","mag":"2937699986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1020037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1020037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/2/37/pdf?version=1555594054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/2/37/pdf?version=1555594054","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009409061","display_name":"Gard B. Jenset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7423-3112"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gard B. Jenset","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abaka Holdings Ltd. 1, London SW1E 5HX, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7423-3112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abaka Holdings Ltd. 1, London SW1E 5HX, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062737501","display_name":"Barbara McGillivray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara McGillivray","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK","Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DB, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101","https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009409061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.4335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70814559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"630","last_page":"640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.8153029680252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7308304905891418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6392380595207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.5616374611854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5595253109931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49066102504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.43462324142456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.42064887285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40270015597343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.39817583560943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3752424418926239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.8153029680252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7308304905891418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6392380595207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5616374611854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5595253109931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49066102504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43462324142456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.42064887285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40270015597343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.39817583560943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3752424418926239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1020037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1020037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/2/37/pdf?version=1555594054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/291921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/291921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.39077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.39077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1020037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1020037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/2/37/pdf?version=1555594054","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2937699986.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2937699986.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503259811","https://openalex.org/W1903531865","https://openalex.org/W2038705219","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2180877453","https://openalex.org/W2189162242","https://openalex.org/W2226292825","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251507550","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2469808786","https://openalex.org/W2515248967","https://openalex.org/W2560678344","https://openalex.org/W2561412020","https://openalex.org/W2562366217","https://openalex.org/W2592634758","https://openalex.org/W2620558438","https://openalex.org/W2724976418","https://openalex.org/W2789202651","https://openalex.org/W2799073995","https://openalex.org/W2805116311","https://openalex.org/W2807399069","https://openalex.org/W2843023018","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2901412863","https://openalex.org/W2963042536","https://openalex.org/W2964270525","https://openalex.org/W2977687816","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W3098861490","https://openalex.org/W4213168938","https://openalex.org/W4232952354","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6753609351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3200179079","https://openalex.org/W4285741730","https://openalex.org/W1872130062","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W2556319748","https://openalex.org/W159132833","https://openalex.org/W87581401","https://openalex.org/W2502722637","https://openalex.org/W2123802488","https://openalex.org/W2977842567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"Language":[1],"Understanding":[2],"(NLU)":[3],"systems":[4,87,102],"are":[5,16],"essential":[6],"components":[7],"in":[8,25,35,67,88],"many":[9],"industry":[10],"conversational":[11],"artificial":[12],"intelligence":[13],"applications.":[14],"There":[15],"strong":[17],"incentives":[18],"to":[19,29,75],"develop":[20],"a":[21,47,60,81,95],"good":[22],"NLU":[23,86,101],"capability":[24],"such":[26],"systems,":[27],"both":[28],"improve":[30],"the":[31,36,52,71],"user":[32],"experience":[33],"and":[34,64],"case":[37],"of":[38,49,54],"regulated":[39,89],"industries":[40],"for":[41,84,99,103],"compliance":[42],"reasons.":[43],"We":[44],"report":[45],"on":[46],"series":[48],"experiments":[50],"comparing":[51],"effects":[53],"optimizing":[55],"word":[56],"embeddings":[57],"versus":[58],"implementing":[59],"multi-classifier":[61],"ensemble":[62],"approach":[63,73],"conclude":[65],"that":[66],"our":[68],"case,":[69],"only":[70],"latter":[72],"leads":[74],"significant":[76],"improvements.":[77],"The":[78],"study":[79],"provides":[80],"high-level":[82],"primer":[83],"developing":[85],"domains,":[90],"as":[91,93],"well":[92],"providing":[94],"specific":[96],"baseline":[97],"accuracy":[98],"evaluating":[100],"financial":[104],"guidance.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
