{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201232221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040064","title":"Artificial Eyes with Emotion and Light Responsive Pupils for Realistic Humanoid Robots","display_name":"Artificial Eyes with Emotion and Light Responsive Pupils for Realistic Humanoid Robots","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201232221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040064","mag":"3201232221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics8040064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/8/4/64/pdf?version=1632449371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/8/4/64/pdf?version=1632449371","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081335287","display_name":"Carl Strathearn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-9487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carl Strathearn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081335287"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.1334,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46919651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"64","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6582467555999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.5939375162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5874518156051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-eye","display_name":"Human eye","score":0.556006908416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4714962840080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3485035300254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1843142807483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11599552631378174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6582467555999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.5939375162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5874518156051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.556006908416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4714962840080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3485035300254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1843142807483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11599552631378174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics8040064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/8/4/64/pdf?version=1632449371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:38f80a2419364e12b994e0956898c9df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/38f80a2419364e12b994e0956898c9df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 8, Iss 4, p 64 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2227-9709/8/4/64/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics; Volume 8; Issue 4; Pages: 64","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:2826737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2826737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics8040064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/8/4/64/pdf?version=1632449371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201232221.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201232221.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76346449","https://openalex.org/W206703811","https://openalex.org/W1597925351","https://openalex.org/W1938008383","https://openalex.org/W1964267325","https://openalex.org/W1968774128","https://openalex.org/W1986291329","https://openalex.org/W1997469136","https://openalex.org/W2024562398","https://openalex.org/W2028980660","https://openalex.org/W2029859962","https://openalex.org/W2040735568","https://openalex.org/W2065631020","https://openalex.org/W2095652775","https://openalex.org/W2119875138","https://openalex.org/W2127041104","https://openalex.org/W2130138665","https://openalex.org/W2135994829","https://openalex.org/W2140079265","https://openalex.org/W2161196887","https://openalex.org/W2162696376","https://openalex.org/W2164699598","https://openalex.org/W2214658362","https://openalex.org/W2302077480","https://openalex.org/W2406567157","https://openalex.org/W2529710944","https://openalex.org/W2570743725","https://openalex.org/W2582609323","https://openalex.org/W2585230149","https://openalex.org/W2586932519","https://openalex.org/W2617211984","https://openalex.org/W2622630997","https://openalex.org/W2752783816","https://openalex.org/W2780046071","https://openalex.org/W2796053559","https://openalex.org/W2796991503","https://openalex.org/W2803929137","https://openalex.org/W2810473562","https://openalex.org/W2895316104","https://openalex.org/W2899810462","https://openalex.org/W2902929476","https://openalex.org/W2904641012","https://openalex.org/W2911887105","https://openalex.org/W2913821433","https://openalex.org/W2916065224","https://openalex.org/W2943992839","https://openalex.org/W2948226866","https://openalex.org/W2967066431","https://openalex.org/W2972077488","https://openalex.org/W2996185064","https://openalex.org/W3003660250","https://openalex.org/W3026539949","https://openalex.org/W3046536215","https://openalex.org/W3098365455","https://openalex.org/W3154980588","https://openalex.org/W4236326621","https://openalex.org/W4246904588","https://openalex.org/W6679429649","https://openalex.org/W6681237883","https://openalex.org/W6688708722","https://openalex.org/W6732484714","https://openalex.org/W6777883929","https://openalex.org/W6996058987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,120],"study":[1,188],"employs":[2],"a":[3,17,50,77,87,116,125,170,179],"novel":[4],"3D":[5,18],"engineered":[6],"robotic":[7,66,142,164,192],"eye":[8,165,203,226],"system":[9,37,166],"with":[10],"dielectric":[11],"elastomer":[12],"actuator":[13],"(DEA)":[14],"pupils":[15],"and":[16,20,29,49,73,98,111,136,150,175,208,211],"sculpted":[19],"colourised":[21],"gelatin":[22],"iris":[23],"membrane":[24],"to":[25,68,70,76,91,109,132,157,209],"replicate":[26],"the":[27,32,46,57,65,134,147,154,162,191,196,201,216,219],"appearance":[28],"materiality":[30],"of":[31,82,127,153,186,200,218],"human":[33,78,155,202],"eye.":[34,79],"A":[35,80,102],"camera":[36],"for":[38,52,129],"facial":[39],"expression":[40],"analysis":[41],"(FEA)":[42],"was":[43,122,167,229],"installed":[44,168],"in":[45,56,169,178],"left":[47],"eye,":[48],"photo-resistor":[51],"measuring":[53],"light":[54,72,113,206],"frequencies":[55,114],"right.":[58],"Unlike":[59],"previous":[60],"prototypes,":[61],"this":[62,187],"configuration":[63],"permits":[64],"eyes":[67,143,156,193],"respond":[69],"both":[71],"emotion":[74],"proximal":[75],"series":[81,126],"experiments":[83],"were":[84,144],"undertaken":[85],"using":[86,115],"pupil":[88,106,138,198,234],"tracking":[89],"headset":[90],"monitor":[92],"test":[93,104],"subjects":[94],"when":[95],"observing":[96],"positive":[97,210],"negative":[99,212],"video":[100,151],"stimuli.":[101,214],"second":[103],"measured":[105],"dilation":[107,139],"ranges":[108],"high":[110],"low":[112],"high-powered":[117],"artificial":[118],"light.":[119],"data":[121,149],"converted":[123],"into":[124],"algorithms":[128],"servomotor":[130],"triangulation":[131],"control":[133],"photosensitive":[135],"emotive":[137,213],"sequences.":[140],"The":[141,184],"evaluated":[145,177],"against":[146],"pupillometric":[148],"feeds":[152],"determine":[158],"operational":[159],"accuracy.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"dilating":[163],"realistic":[171],"humanoid":[172],"robot":[173],"(RHR)":[174],"comparatively":[176],"human-robot":[180],"interaction":[181],"(HRI)":[182],"experiment.":[183],"results":[185,217],"show":[189],"that":[190,223],"can":[194],"emulate":[195],"average":[197],"reflex":[199],"under":[204],"typical":[205],"conditions":[207],"However,":[215],"HRI":[220],"experiment":[221],"indicate":[222],"replicating":[224],"natural":[225],"contact":[227],"behaviour":[228],"more":[230],"significant":[231],"than":[232],"emulating":[233],"dilation.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2021-09-27T00:00:00"}
