{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125727606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13020019","title":"An AIoT-Based Framework for Automated English-Speaking Assessment: Architecture, Benchmarking, and Reliability Analysis of Open-Source ASR","display_name":"An AIoT-Based Framework for Automated English-Speaking Assessment: Architecture, Benchmarking, and Reliability Analysis of Open-Source ASR","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125727606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13020019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13020019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13020019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/2/19/pdf?version=1769497083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/2/19/pdf?version=1769497083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013505697","display_name":"Paniti Netinant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285782058","display_name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Isan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a2rz655","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285782058"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130811","display_name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok","ror":"https://ror.org/03cvxzw02","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10245363","https://openalex.org/I4210130811"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paniti Netinant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business Administration and Information Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-0440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business Administration and Information Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Bangkok 10400, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130811","https://openalex.org/I1285782058"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118818069","display_name":"Rerkchai Fooprateepsiri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130811","display_name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok","ror":"https://ror.org/03cvxzw02","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10245363","https://openalex.org/I4210130811"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rerkchai Fooprateepsiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Innovative Education and Lifelong Learning, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3174-9094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Innovative Education and Lifelong Learning, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130811"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123874058","display_name":"Ajjima Rukhiran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124043","display_name":"Ministry of Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/02pxbbk34","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210124043"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajjima Rukhiran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior, Chanthaburi 22000, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7838-757X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior, Chanthaburi 22000, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076020370","display_name":"Meennapa Rukhiran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285782058","display_name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Isan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a2rz655","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285782058"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130811","display_name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok","ror":"https://ror.org/03cvxzw02","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10245363","https://openalex.org/I4210130811"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meennapa Rukhiran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chanthaburi 22210, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-8991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chanthaburi 22210, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285782058","https://openalex.org/I4210130811"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076020370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285782058","https://openalex.org/I4210130811"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16330719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"19","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.7305999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.7305999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.026599999517202377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raspberry-pi","display_name":"Raspberry pi","score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.3336000144481659}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7591999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985745059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245","display_name":"Raspberry pi","level":3,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019060180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automated method","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13020019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13020019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/2/19/pdf?version=1769497083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3d8295f7b044c04bced8b35ee636e92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3d8295f7b044c04bced8b35ee636e92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Informatics, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 19 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/informatics13020019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics13020019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9709/13/2/19/pdf?version=1769497083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738238905","display_name":"Informatics","issn_l":"2227-9709","issn":["2227-9709"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5081459879875183,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125727606.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125727606.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,10,41,78,111,154,166,206,259],"low-cost":[3],"edge":[4,66,244,264],"devices":[5],"has":[6],"enabled":[7],"the":[8,38,126,131,142,148,188,209,232,271],"integration":[9],"automatic":[11],"speech":[12,225],"recognition":[13,112,177,274],"(ASR)":[14],"into":[15,180,270],"IoT":[16],"environments,":[17],"creating":[18],"new":[19],"opportunities":[20],"for":[21,50],"real-time":[22,195],"language":[23],"assessment.":[24],"However,":[25],"achieving":[26],"reliable":[27],"performance":[28],"on":[29,37,65,125,263],"resource-constrained":[30],"hardware":[31],"remains":[32],"a":[33,73,164,250,256],"significant":[34],"challenge,":[35],"especially":[36],"Artificial":[39],"Internet":[40],"Things":[42],"(AIoT).":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45],"presents":[46],"an":[47,88],"AIoT-based":[48,252],"framework":[49,76],"automated":[51,89,181],"English-speaking":[52],"assessment":[53,90,182,241,253],"that":[54,122,187,231],"integrates":[55],"architecture":[56,71],"and":[57,62,83,101,103,116,146,202,238,266,278],"system":[58,234],"design,":[59],"ASR":[60,94,261,283],"benchmarking,":[61],"reliability":[63],"analysis":[64],"devices.":[67],"proposed":[69,233],"AIoT-oriented":[70],"incorporates":[72],"lightweight":[74],"scoring":[75,173,279],"capable":[77],"analyzing":[79],"pronunciation,":[80],"fluency,":[81],"prosody,":[82],"CEFR-aligned":[84],"speaking":[85,240],"proficiency":[86],"within":[87],"system.":[91],"Seven":[92],"open-source":[93,260],"models\u2014four":[95],"Whisper":[96],"variants":[97],"(tiny,":[98],"base,":[99],"small,":[100],"medium)":[102],"three":[104],"Vosk":[105],"models\u2014were":[106],"systematically":[107],"benchmarked":[108],"in":[109,281],"terms":[110],"accuracy,":[113,275],"inference":[114,136,276],"latency,":[115,277],"computational":[117],"efficiency.":[118],"Experimental":[119],"results":[120],"indicate":[121],"Whisper-medium":[123],"deployed":[124],"Raspberry":[127,143,189,210],"Pi":[128,144,190,211],"5":[129,191],"achieved":[130],"strongest":[132],"overall":[133],"performance,":[134],"reducing":[135],"latency":[137],"by":[138],"42\u201348%":[139],"compared":[140],"with":[141,163,197],"4":[145,212],"attaining":[147],"lowest":[149],"Word":[150],"Error":[151],"Rate":[152],"(WER)":[153],"6.8%.":[155],"In":[156],"contrast,":[157],"smaller":[158],"models":[159,262],"such":[160],"as":[161],"Whisper-tiny,":[162],"WER":[165],"26.7%,":[167],"exhibited":[168],"two-":[169],"to":[170],"threefold":[171],"higher":[172],"variability,":[174],"demonstrating":[175],"how":[176],"errors":[178],"propagate":[179],"reliability.":[183],"System-level":[184],"testing":[185],"revealed":[186],"can":[192],"sustain":[193],"near":[194],"processing":[196],"approximately":[198],"58%":[199],"CPU":[200],"utilization":[201],"around":[203],"1.2":[204],"GB":[205],"memory,":[207],"whereas":[208],"frequently":[213],"approaches":[214],"practical":[215,251],"operational":[216],"limits":[217],"under":[218],"comparable":[219],"workloads.":[220],"Validation":[221],"using":[222,242],"real":[223],"learner":[224],"data":[226],"(approximately":[227],"100":[228],"sessions)":[229],"confirmed":[230],"delivers":[235],"accurate,":[236],"portable,":[237],"privacy-preserving":[239],"low-power":[243],"hardware.":[245],"Overall,":[246],"this":[247],"work":[248],"introduces":[249],"framework,":[254],"provides":[255],"comprehensive":[257],"benchmark":[258],"platforms,":[265],"offers":[267],"empirical":[268],"insights":[269],"trade-offs":[272],"among":[273],"stability":[280],"edge-based":[282],"deployments.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-27T00:00:00"}
