{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910857557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047","title":"Deep Learning Segmentation and 3D Reconstruction of Road Markings Using Multiview Aerial Imagery","display_name":"Deep Learning Segmentation and 3D Reconstruction of Road Markings Using Multiview Aerial Imagery","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910857557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047","mag":"2910857557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8010047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/1/47/pdf?version=1548155016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/1/47/pdf?version=1548155016","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020996505","display_name":"Franz Kurz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-0004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Franz Kurz","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-0004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006333653","display_name":"Seyed Majid Azimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-2272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Majid Azimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-2272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039395182","display_name":"Chun-Yu Sheu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Yu Sheu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch AG., 3801-856 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch AG., 3801-856 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008273122","display_name":"Pablo d\u2019Angelo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo d\u2019Angelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020996505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":354,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":381},"fwci":0.9359,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69040947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"47","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8091208934783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7690363526344299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7396851181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6427395343780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.5897502899169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5396933555603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.47776567935943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-reconstruction","display_name":"3D reconstruction","score":0.4433271586894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.42392563819885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41896480321884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2954133152961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17493999004364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10714197158813477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8091208934783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7690363526344299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7396851181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6427395343780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.5897502899169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5396933555603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.47776567935943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109950114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4464732","display_name":"3D reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.4433271586894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.42392563819885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41896480321884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2954133152961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17493999004364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10714197158813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8010047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/1/47/pdf?version=1548155016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:125720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Zeitschriftenbeitrag"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04baaf9774994bf6bf455feb4169fd20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04baaf9774994bf6bf455feb4169fd20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 8, Iss 1, p 47 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/8/1/47/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8010047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/1/47/pdf?version=1548155016","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63091017","https://openalex.org/W1974880733","https://openalex.org/W1980417873","https://openalex.org/W2012592186","https://openalex.org/W2017102171","https://openalex.org/W2089373496","https://openalex.org/W2111003594","https://openalex.org/W2132341613","https://openalex.org/W2790482089","https://openalex.org/W2893148174","https://openalex.org/W3101896960","https://openalex.org/W6645370209","https://openalex.org/W6676551487","https://openalex.org/W6679920524","https://openalex.org/W6747448538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517104666","https://openalex.org/W2005437358","https://openalex.org/W2790662084","https://openalex.org/W1669643531","https://openalex.org/W2008656436","https://openalex.org/W2134924024","https://openalex.org/W2023558673","https://openalex.org/W2110230079","https://openalex.org/W4285827401","https://openalex.org/W3112953119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106],"3D":[1,58,93,107,123,168],"information":[2,30],"of":[3,13,23,39,95,113,149,160,170,198],"road":[4,24,96,114,152,172],"infrastructures":[5],"is":[6,48,193,206],"growing":[7],"in":[8,82,103,139,188],"importance":[9],"with":[10,116],"the":[11,19,45,61,78,83,92,110,117,121,128,135,141,150,157,161,171,176,182,185,204],"development":[12],"autonomous":[14,40],"driving.":[15],"In":[16,42,201],"this":[17,43,202],"context,":[18],"exact":[20],"2D":[21,80,137],"position":[22],"markings":[25,97,115],"as":[26,28],"well":[27],"height":[29],"play":[31],"an":[32,51,146],"important":[33],"role":[34],"in,":[35],"e.g.,":[36],"lane-accurate":[37],"self-localization":[38],"vehicles.":[41],"paper,":[44,203],"overall":[46],"task":[47],"divided":[49],"into":[50],"automatic":[52,151],"segmentation":[53,62,154],"followed":[54],"by":[55,126,155],"a":[56,66,88,100,165],"refined":[57],"reconstruction.":[59],"For":[60],"task,":[63],"we":[64,86],"applied":[65],"wavelet-enhanced":[67],"fully":[68],"convolutional":[69],"network":[70],"on":[71,77,99,210],"multiview":[72,104,158],"high-resolution":[73],"aerial":[74,162,212],"imagery.":[75,105],"Based":[76],"resulting":[79],"segments":[81],"original":[84],"images,":[85],"propose":[87],"successive":[89],"workflow":[90],"for":[91],"reconstruction":[94,108,169],"based":[98],"least-squares":[101],"line-fitting":[102],"exploits":[109],"line":[111,124,138],"character":[112,159],"aim":[118],"to":[119,134,175,196],"optimize":[120],"best":[122],"location":[125],"minimizing":[127],"distance":[129],"from":[130],"its":[131],"back":[132],"projection":[133],"detected":[136],"all":[140],"covering":[142,216],"images.":[143],"Results":[144],"showed":[145],"improved":[147],"IoU":[148],"marking":[153],"exploiting":[156],"images":[163],"and":[164,192,208,221],"more":[166],"accurate":[167],"surface":[173],"compared":[174],"semiglobal":[177],"matching":[178,186],"(SGM)":[179],"algorithm.":[180],"Further,":[181],"approach":[183,205],"avoids":[184],"problem":[187],"non-textured":[189],"image":[190,213],"parts":[191],"not":[194],"limited":[195],"lines":[197],"finite":[199],"length.":[200],"presented":[207],"validated":[209],"several":[211],"data":[214],"sets":[215],"different":[217],"scenarios":[218],"like":[219],"motorways":[220],"urban":[222],"regions.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
