{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995443245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g10040049","title":"The Positive Impact of Task Familiarity, Risk Propensity, and Need For Cognition on Observed Timing Decisions in a Security Game","display_name":"The Positive Impact of Task Familiarity, Risk Propensity, and Need For Cognition on Observed Timing Decisions in a Security Game","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995443245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g10040049","mag":"2995443245"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g10040049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g10040049","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/10/4/49/pdf?version=1576660701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/10/4/49/pdf?version=1576660701","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020881468","display_name":"David Reitter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-8257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Reitter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, New York City, NY 10011, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-8257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, New York City, NY 10011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063714878","display_name":"Jens Gro\u00dfklags","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-1282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jens Grossklags","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Department of Informatics, 85748 Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-1282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Department of Informatics, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063714878"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":447,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":482},"fwci":0.5362,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"49","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6976803541183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6633992195129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5983678698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5973000526428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5958143472671509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-game","display_name":"Stochastic game","score":0.5659100413322449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/need-for-cognition","display_name":"Need for cognition","score":0.535545825958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.49925851821899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.4664890766143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.4318462610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score-matching","display_name":"Propensity score matching","score":0.41645243763923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33498045802116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.17656701803207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.1721642017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09470295906066895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6976803541183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6633992195129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5983678698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5973000526428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5958143472671509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.5659100413322449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53371666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778408","display_name":"Need for cognition","level":3,"score":0.535545825958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49925851821899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.4664890766143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4318462610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.41645243763923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33498045802116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17656701803207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1721642017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09470295906066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/g10040049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g10040049","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/10/4/49/pdf?version=1576660701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:10:y:2019:i:4:p:49-:d:298622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/10/4/49/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/219272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/219272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4336/10/4/49/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10040049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1543499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1543499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400453","display_name":"mediaTUM \u2013 the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/g10040049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/g10040049","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/10/4/49/pdf?version=1576660701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6552842","display_name":"Games","issn_l":"2073-4336","issn":["2073-4336"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995443245.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995443245.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51794740","https://openalex.org/W156783801","https://openalex.org/W1552286890","https://openalex.org/W1558366326","https://openalex.org/W1596446146","https://openalex.org/W1970564328","https://openalex.org/W1973005206","https://openalex.org/W1982343866","https://openalex.org/W2004717177","https://openalex.org/W2005213746","https://openalex.org/W2015787697","https://openalex.org/W2042076859","https://openalex.org/W2043708607","https://openalex.org/W2053617855","https://openalex.org/W2069772947","https://openalex.org/W2072014595","https://openalex.org/W2076698718","https://openalex.org/W2092025015","https://openalex.org/W2097427281","https://openalex.org/W2115743154","https://openalex.org/W2135496659","https://openalex.org/W2136788830","https://openalex.org/W2170256757","https://openalex.org/W2205331630","https://openalex.org/W2399306520","https://openalex.org/W2887536430","https://openalex.org/W3124878131","https://openalex.org/W3134813551","https://openalex.org/W4255027551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026576563","https://openalex.org/W3196761963","https://openalex.org/W2036193982","https://openalex.org/W213628847","https://openalex.org/W3023923059","https://openalex.org/W4232168831","https://openalex.org/W2065417422","https://openalex.org/W4253956144","https://openalex.org/W2275925001","https://openalex.org/W3018339811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,11,19,83,106,167],"role":[4],"of":[5,13,21,27,85,108,144],"personality":[6],"characteristics":[7],"in":[8,18,77,87,121,140,163,189,196],"decisions":[9,29,81],"on":[10],"timing":[12,84,141],"an":[14,73,90],"action,":[15],"such":[16,28],"as":[17,162],"context":[20],"security":[22],"and":[23,38,59],"safety":[24],"choices.":[25],"Examples":[26],"include":[30],"when":[31,39,157],"to":[32,40,89],"check":[33],"log":[34],"files":[35],"for":[36,44,61,154,173],"intruders":[37],"monitor":[41],"financial":[42],"accounts":[43],"fraud":[45],"or":[46,111,120],"errors.":[47],"Two":[48],"behavioral":[49],"studies":[50],"(n":[51],"=":[52],"461)":[53],"are":[54,63],"conducted.":[55],"Individual":[56],"risk":[57,93,133,146,187],"propensity":[58,134,147,188],"need":[60,153,172],"cognition":[62,174],"obtained":[64],"via":[65],"scales.":[66],"The":[67,95],"task":[68,96,181,199],"is":[69,97,103,115,135,160],"a":[70,138,151],"game":[71],"against":[72],"opaque":[74],"computer":[75],"opponent":[76],"which":[78,114],"participants":[79,190],"make":[80],"about":[82],"actions":[86],"response":[88],"unknown":[91],"external":[92],"factor.":[94],"not":[98,136],"payoff-neutral":[99],"w.r.t.":[100],"risk.":[101],"Difficulty":[102],"varied":[104],"through":[105],"availability":[107],"explicitly":[109],"given":[110],"decision-critical":[112],"information,":[113],"observable":[116],"visually":[117],"(Study":[118,124],"1)":[119],"temporal":[122],"memory":[123,159],"2).":[125],"Across":[126],"this":[127],"problem":[128],"space,":[129],"we":[130],"find":[131],"that":[132],"generally":[137,148],"hindrance":[139],"tasks.":[142],"Participants":[143],"average":[145],"benefit":[149],"from":[150,180,198],"high":[152],"cognition,":[155],"particularly":[156],"externalized":[158],"available,":[161],"Study":[164],"1.":[165],"In":[166,183],"more":[168],"difficult":[169],"temporal-estimation":[170],"task,":[171],"was":[175,191],"associated":[176,192],"with":[177,193],"increased":[178,194],"payoffs":[179,197],"experience.":[182,200],"both":[184],"tasks,":[185],"higher":[186],"improvements":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
