{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128080678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020086","title":"Semantic Search for System Dynamics Models Using Vector Embeddings in a Cloud Microservices Environment","display_name":"Semantic Search for System Dynamics Models Using Vector Embeddings in a Cloud Microservices Environment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128080678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18020086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020086","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/2/86/pdf?version=1770369568","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/2/86/pdf?version=1770369568","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121268916","display_name":"Pavel Kyurkchiev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160184","display_name":"Plovdiv University","ror":null,"country_code":"BG","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160184"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Kyurkchiev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-0808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089967942","display_name":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0418\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-8453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160184","display_name":"Plovdiv University","ror":null,"country_code":"BG","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160184"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163063","display_name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/05fpsjc82","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210163063"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anton Iliev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-8453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163063"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160184"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022442940","display_name":"Nikolay Kyurkchiev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0650-3285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105926","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01b5dy719","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210105926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160184","display_name":"Plovdiv University","ror":null,"country_code":"BG","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160184"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163063","display_name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/05fpsjc82","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210163063"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolay Kyurkchiev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria","Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 8, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0650-3285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163063"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24, Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 8, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210105926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022442940","https://openalex.org/A5089967942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210105926","https://openalex.org/I4210160184","https://openalex.org/I4210163063"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19494204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"86","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.17560000717639923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.17560000717639923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.11940000206232071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.0625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-space-model","display_name":"Vector space model","score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serialization","display_name":"Serialization","score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3066999912261963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89686163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187982","display_name":"Vector space model","level":2,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52723943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127410","display_name":"Serialization","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777946921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449044","display_name":"Semantic analysis (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551230270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4368942","display_name":"Data retrieval","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112933361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845258","display_name":"Probabilistic latent semantic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2474386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461183","display_name":"Text corpus","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166423231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1891170","display_name":"Semantic search","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18020086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020086","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/2/86/pdf?version=1770369568","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d697881e4483432c8915844015fbdb34","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d697881e4483432c8915844015fbdb34","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 86 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18020086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020086","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/18/2/86/pdf?version=1770369568","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8503085978","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128080678.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128080678.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"retrieval":[1,101],"of":[2,27,38,69,90,123,134,155],"mathematical":[3,200],"and":[4,36,49,76,109,114,138],"structural":[5],"similarities":[6],"in":[7,107,177,199],"System":[8],"Dynamics":[9],"models":[10,166],"remains":[11],"a":[12,39,56,79,87,152,174,189,204],"significant":[13,153],"challenge":[14],"for":[15,58,167,194,206],"traditional":[16,99],"lexical":[17],"systems,":[18],"which":[19],"often":[20],"fail":[21],"to":[22,163],"capture":[23],"the":[24,67,95,120,132,135,181,185],"contextual":[25],"dependencies":[26],"simulation":[28,50],"processes.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"presents":[32],"an":[33,45],"architectural":[34],"approach":[35,97,187],"implementation":[37],"semantic":[40,124,197],"search":[41,146],"module":[42],"integrated":[43],"into":[44,62],"existing":[46],"cloud-based":[47],"modeling":[48],"system.":[51],"The":[52,117],"proposed":[53,96],"method":[54],"employs":[55],"strategy":[57],"serializing":[59],"graph":[60],"structures":[61],"textual":[63],"descriptions,":[64],"followed":[65],"by":[66],"generation":[68],"vector":[70,80],"embeddings":[71],"via":[72],"local":[73],"ONNX":[74],"inference":[75],"indexing":[77,211],"within":[78,131],"database":[81],"(Qdrant).":[82],"Experimental":[83],"validation":[84],"performed":[85],"on":[86],"diverse":[88],"corpus":[89,137],"complex":[91,168],"dynamic":[92],"models,":[93],"compares":[94],"against":[98],"information":[100,141],"methods":[102],"(Full-Text":[103],"Search,":[104],"Keyword":[105],"Search":[106],"PostgreSQL,":[108],"Apache":[110],"Lucene":[111],"with":[112,151],"Standard":[113],"BM25":[115],"scoring).":[116],"results":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"distinct":[121],"advantage":[122],"search,":[125],"achieving":[126],"high":[127],"precision":[128,150],"(over":[129],"90%)":[130],"scope":[133],"evaluated":[136],"effectively":[139],"eliminating":[140],"noise.":[142],"In":[143],"comparison,":[144],"keyword":[145],"exhibited":[147],"only":[148],"24.8%":[149],"rate":[154],"false":[156],"positives,":[157],"while":[158],"standard":[159],"full-text":[160],"analysis":[161],"failed":[162],"identify":[164],"relevant":[165],"conceptual":[169],"queries":[170],"(0":[171],"results).":[172],"Despite":[173],"recorded":[175],"increase":[176],"latency":[178],"(~2":[179],"s),":[180],"study":[182],"proves":[183],"that":[184],"vector-based":[186],"is":[188],"significantly":[190],"more":[191],"robust":[192],"solution":[193],"detecting":[195],"hidden":[196],"connections":[198],"model":[201],"databases,":[202],"providing":[203],"foundation":[205],"future":[207],"developments":[208],"toward":[209],"multi-vector":[210],"strategies.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}