{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127644776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020083","title":"Next-Gen Explainable AI (XAI) for Federated and Distributed Internet of Things Systems: A State-of-the-Art Survey","display_name":"Next-Gen Explainable AI (XAI) for Federated and Distributed Internet of Things Systems: A State-of-the-Art Survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127644776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020083","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010990835","display_name":"Aristeidis Karras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4632-6511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aristeidis Karras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4632-6511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074704916","display_name":"\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9413-8841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Giannaros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9413-8841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118911283","display_name":"Natalia Amasiadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-8247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Amasiadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4581-8247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012988436","display_name":"Christos Karras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-7661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Karras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-7661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010990835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"83","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7975999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7975999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.03400000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.616100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-objects","display_name":"Smart objects","score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.41260001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.34439998865127563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.616100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4964999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294986","display_name":"Smart objects","level":3,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.41260001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513874922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212805","display_name":"Digital library","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201932085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642514","display_name":"Online analytical processing","level":3,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92d67b06ba1149f299485a22ba680d66","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92d67b06ba1149f299485a22ba680d66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 83 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18020083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Explainable":[1],"Artificial":[2],"Intelligence":[3],"(XAI)":[4],"is":[5,35],"deployed":[6],"in":[7,48,147,155,243],"Internet":[8,199],"of":[9,138,153,200,240],"Things":[10,201],"(IoT)":[11],"ecosystems":[12],"for":[13,128,206,232],"smart":[14,77,79,244],"cities":[15],"and":[16,26,40,44,66,81,102,122,157,183,188,224,235,246],"precision":[17],"agriculture,":[18,80],"where":[19],"opaque":[20],"models":[21],"can":[22],"compromise":[23],"trust,":[24],"accountability,":[25],"regulatory":[27],"compliance.":[28],"Objective:":[29],"This":[30],"survey":[31,167],"investigates":[32],"how":[33],"XAI":[34],"currently":[36],"integrated":[37],"into":[38],"distributed":[39],"federated":[41,82,123],"IoT":[42,159],"architectures":[43],"identifies":[45],"systematic":[46],"gaps":[47],"evaluation":[49,171],"under":[50],"real-world":[51],"resource":[52],"constraints.":[53],"Methods:":[54],"A":[55],"structured":[56],"search":[57],"across":[58],"IEEE":[59],"Xplore,":[60],"ACM":[61],"Digital":[62],"Library,":[63],"ScienceDirect,":[64],"SpringerLink,":[65],"Google":[67],"Scholar":[68],"targeted":[69],"publications":[70],"related":[71],"to":[72,221],"XAI,":[73],"IoT,":[74],"edge/fog":[75],"computing,":[76],"cities,":[78],"learning.":[83],"Relevant":[84],"peer-reviewed":[85],"works":[86],"were":[87],"synthesized":[88],"along":[89],"three":[90],"dimensions:":[91],"deployment":[92],"tier":[93],"(device,":[94],"edge/fog,":[95],"cloud),":[96],"explanation":[97,226],"scope":[98],"(local":[99],"vs.":[100],"global),":[101],"validation":[103],"methodology.":[104],"Results:":[105],"The":[106,210],"analysis":[107],"reveals":[108],"a":[109,136,169,190],"persistent":[110],"resource\u2013interpretability":[111],"gap:":[112],"computationally":[113],"intensive":[114],"explainers":[115],"are":[116,229],"frequently":[117],"applied":[118],"on":[119],"constrained":[120],"edge":[121,233],"platforms":[124],"without":[125],"explicitly":[126,230],"accounting":[127],"latency,":[129],"memory":[130],"footprint,":[131],"or":[132,143],"energy":[133],"consumption.":[134],"Only":[135],"minority":[137],"studies":[139],"quantify":[140],"privacy\u2013utility":[141],"effects":[142],"address":[144,163],"causal":[145],"attribution":[146],"sensor-rich":[148],"environments,":[149],"limiting":[150],"the":[151,166,174,197,238],"reliability":[152],"explanations":[154],"safety-":[156],"mission-critical":[158],"applications.":[160],"Contribution:":[161],"To":[162],"these":[164],"shortcomings,":[165],"introduces":[168],"hardware-centric":[170],"framework":[172],"with":[173,196,237],"Computational":[175],"Complexity":[176],"Score":[177],"(CCS),":[178],"Memory":[179],"Footprint":[180],"Ratio":[181],"(MFR),":[182],"Privacy\u2013Utility":[184],"Trade-off":[185],"(PUT)":[186],"metrics":[187],"proposes":[189],"hierarchical":[191],"IoT\u2013XAI":[192,214],"reference":[193],"architecture,":[194],"together":[195],"conceptual":[198],"Interpretability":[202],"Evaluation":[203],"Standard":[204],"(IOTIES)":[205],"cross-domain":[207],"assessment.":[208],"Conclusions:":[209],"findings":[211],"indicate":[212],"that":[213,228],"research":[215],"must":[216],"shift":[217],"from":[218],"accuracy-only":[219],"reporting":[220],"lightweight,":[222],"model-agnostic,":[223],"privacy-aware":[225],"pipelines":[227],"budgeted":[231],"resources":[234],"aligned":[236],"needs":[239],"heterogeneous":[241],"stakeholders":[242],"city":[245],"agricultural":[247],"deployments.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}