{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125323336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data6020011","title":"The Effect of Preprocessing Techniques, Applied to Numeric Features, on Classification Algorithms\u2019 Performance","display_name":"The Effect of Preprocessing Techniques, Applied to Numeric Features, on Classification Algorithms\u2019 Performance","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125323336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data6020011","mag":"3125323336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data6020011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data6020011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/2/11/pdf?version=1613818032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/2/11/pdf?version=1613818032","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049269609","display_name":"Esra\u2019a Alshdaifat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-0849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esra\u2019a Alshdaifat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Doa\u2019a Alshdaifat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doa\u2019a Alshdaifat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054700379","display_name":"Ayoub Alsarhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-2828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayoub Alsarhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090065858","display_name":"Fairouz Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5290-515X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fairouz Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085410282","display_name":"Subhieh El-Salhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9700-4862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157392197","display_name":"Hashemite University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1r5z94","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhieh Moh\u2019d Faraj S. El-Salhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information System, Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II For Information Technology, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049269609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157392197"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":8.8192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98158261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"11","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.8381822109222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7374911904335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.696349024772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.649458110332489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5989904403686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.5303277373313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5124672055244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5002853870391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4762537479400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3892703652381897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.8381822109222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7374911904335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.696349024772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.649458110332489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5989904403686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.5303277373313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5124672055244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5002853870391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4762537479400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3892703652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/data6020011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data6020011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/2/11/pdf?version=1613818032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jdataj:v:6:y:2021:i:2:p:11-:d:484845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/2/11/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c899c75708443c99bc24c49b0d0a321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c899c75708443c99bc24c49b0d0a321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data, Vol 6, Iss 2, p 11 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2306-5729/6/2/11/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data6020011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data; Volume 6; Issue 2; Pages: 11","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data6020011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data6020011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/6/2/11/pdf?version=1613818032","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125323336.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125323336.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W327170683","https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1974330405","https://openalex.org/W1997437882","https://openalex.org/W2016944307","https://openalex.org/W2043184847","https://openalex.org/W2054080489","https://openalex.org/W2066551002","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2100780389","https://openalex.org/W2123170466","https://openalex.org/W2130836428","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2134721717","https://openalex.org/W2140898374","https://openalex.org/W2146332392","https://openalex.org/W2162210260","https://openalex.org/W2207642946","https://openalex.org/W2269037019","https://openalex.org/W2486604124","https://openalex.org/W2528171117","https://openalex.org/W2586972179","https://openalex.org/W2752901932","https://openalex.org/W2760804229","https://openalex.org/W2765426202","https://openalex.org/W2797315825","https://openalex.org/W2805208759","https://openalex.org/W2909406056","https://openalex.org/W2910262972","https://openalex.org/W2939423850","https://openalex.org/W3033378008","https://openalex.org/W3083959162","https://openalex.org/W3130008234","https://openalex.org/W6693955824"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989490741","https://openalex.org/W3092506759","https://openalex.org/W2367545121","https://openalex.org/W4248881655","https://openalex.org/W2482165163","https://openalex.org/W3010890513","https://openalex.org/W120741642","https://openalex.org/W138569904","https://openalex.org/W2390914021","https://openalex.org/W2389417819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,10,22,31,78,131],"recognized":[2],"that":[3],"the":[4,18,23,46,49,61,101,105,108,126],"performance":[5,62,92],"of":[6,13,17,48,63,68,107],"any":[7],"prediction":[8],"model":[9],"a":[11,121],"function":[12],"several":[14],"factors.":[15],"One":[16],"most":[19,50],"significant":[20,123],"factors":[21],"adopted":[24,109],"preprocessing":[25,30,53,110,129],"techniques.":[26],"In":[27,119],"other":[28],"words,":[29],"an":[32,37],"essential":[33],"process":[34],"to":[35,57,100,117],"generate":[36],"effective":[38],"and":[39,73,89,95],"efficient":[40],"classification":[41,64,87,115],"model.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"investigates":[45],"impact":[47,106],"widely":[51],"used":[52],"techniques,":[54],"with":[55],"respect":[56],"numerical":[58],"features,":[59],"on":[60,80],"algorithms.":[65],"The":[66],"effect":[67],"combining":[69],"various":[70],"normalization":[71],"techniques":[72,111,130],"handling":[74],"missing":[75],"values":[76],"strategies":[77],"assessed":[79],"eighteen":[81],"benchmark":[82],"datasets":[83],"using":[84],"two":[85],"well-known":[86],"algorithms":[88],"adopting":[90],"different":[91],"evaluation":[93],"metrics":[94],"statistical":[96],"significance":[97],"tests.":[98],"According":[99],"reported":[102],"experimental":[103],"results,":[104],"varies":[112],"from":[113],"one":[114],"algorithm":[116],"another.":[118],"addition,":[120],"statistically":[122],"difference":[124],"between":[125],"considered":[127],"data":[128],"demonstrated.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}