{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037610354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data5020056","title":"A Probabilistic Bag-to-Class Approach to Multiple-Instance Learning","display_name":"A Probabilistic Bag-to-Class Approach to Multiple-Instance Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037610354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data5020056","mag":"3037610354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data5020056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data5020056","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/5/2/56/pdf?version=1593510538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/5/2/56/pdf?version=1593510538","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075429951","display_name":"Kajsa M\u00f8llersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-7276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kajsa M\u00f8llersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-7276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088139921","display_name":"Jon Yngve Hardeberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1150-2498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Yngve Hardeberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1150-2498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077247065","display_name":"Fred Godtliebsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7896-8634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Godtliebsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075429951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06010014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"56","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.6541651487350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.649172306060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","score":0.6336462497711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5839164853096008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.5357745289802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5224039554595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46623867750167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4658454656600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4377512037754059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.4374712109565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4288511276245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.42295053601264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41902074217796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36828944087028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.2474331557750702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09579789638519287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.6541651487350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.649172306060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13672336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460803","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","level":2,"score":0.6336462497711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5839164853096008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.5357745289802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5224039554595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46623867750167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4658454656600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4377512037754059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.4374712109565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4288511276245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42295053601264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41902074217796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36828944087028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.2474331557750702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09579789638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/data5020056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data5020056","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/5/2/56/pdf?version=1593510538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60bd907152734382bf21501f0ca5e065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60bd907152734382bf21501f0ca5e065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data, Vol 5, Iss 2, p 56 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2306-5729/5/2/56/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data; Volume 5; Issue 2; Pages: 56","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:munin.uit.no:10037/18747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10037/18747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400066","display_name":"Munin Open Research Archive (The Arctic University of Norway)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","host_organization_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2676526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2676526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data5020056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data5020056","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/5/2/56/pdf?version=1593510538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309820","display_name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037610354.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037610354.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19763141","https://openalex.org/W101697616","https://openalex.org/W146902703","https://openalex.org/W152055444","https://openalex.org/W1243114118","https://openalex.org/W1489381599","https://openalex.org/W1489950266","https://openalex.org/W1544144649","https://openalex.org/W1560331282","https://openalex.org/W1644596662","https://openalex.org/W1731081199","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1969642980","https://openalex.org/W1975052317","https://openalex.org/W2001581313","https://openalex.org/W2010792435","https://openalex.org/W2018040777","https://openalex.org/W2027266161","https://openalex.org/W2032916024","https://openalex.org/W2034445978","https://openalex.org/W2051022335","https://openalex.org/W2053784471","https://openalex.org/W2068864197","https://openalex.org/W2069274984","https://openalex.org/W2096331886","https://openalex.org/W2098140880","https://openalex.org/W2108745803","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2110162240","https://openalex.org/W2125479168","https://openalex.org/W2132786922","https://openalex.org/W2133288557","https://openalex.org/W2151069272","https://openalex.org/W2151352467","https://openalex.org/W2152617511","https://openalex.org/W2154318594","https://openalex.org/W2158177997","https://openalex.org/W2166742463","https://openalex.org/W2215952313","https://openalex.org/W2269649163","https://openalex.org/W2302302587","https://openalex.org/W2313501142","https://openalex.org/W2342112428","https://openalex.org/W2343974644","https://openalex.org/W2395636280","https://openalex.org/W2488678869","https://openalex.org/W2510004850","https://openalex.org/W2520082831","https://openalex.org/W2520758021","https://openalex.org/W2531141905","https://openalex.org/W2531897166","https://openalex.org/W2560886373","https://openalex.org/W2583578793","https://openalex.org/W2610510511","https://openalex.org/W2762672048","https://openalex.org/W2894084084","https://openalex.org/W2963604926","https://openalex.org/W2964317695","https://openalex.org/W3106105822","https://openalex.org/W4211177544","https://openalex.org/W6676245398","https://openalex.org/W6683033130","https://openalex.org/W6711900331","https://openalex.org/W6727456294","https://openalex.org/W6766113959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2580650124","https://openalex.org/W4386190339","https://openalex.org/W2968424575","https://openalex.org/W2417477528","https://openalex.org/W3037610354","https://openalex.org/W2146948051","https://openalex.org/W2063583996","https://openalex.org/W3021738440","https://openalex.org/W781112970","https://openalex.org/W2114284301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-instance":[0],"(MI)":[1],"learning":[2],"is":[3,80,108,121,172,183],"a":[4,41,56,61,164],"branch":[5],"of":[6,14,23,58,70,117,135],"machine":[7],"learning,":[8,130,187],"where":[9,77],"each":[10,34],"object":[11],"(bag)":[12],"consists":[13],"multiple":[15,24],"feature":[16,29],"vectors":[17,72,138],"(instances)\u2014for":[18],"example,":[19],"an":[20,122,155],"image":[21],"consisting":[22],"patches":[25],"and":[26,154,162,176,193],"their":[27],"corresponding":[28,74],"vectors.":[30],"In":[31],"MI":[32,118,129,186],"classification,":[33],"bag":[35,79],"in":[36,60],"the":[37,45,78,81,84,88,110,114,132,136,143,190],"training":[38,119,160],"set":[39,57],"has":[40],"class":[42,145],"label,":[43],"but":[44,113],"instances":[46,50,65],"are":[47,51,66],"unlabeled.":[48],"The":[49,104,179],"most":[52],"commonly":[53],"regarded":[54],"as":[55,68],"points":[59],"multi-dimensional":[62],"space.":[63],"Alternatively,":[64],"viewed":[67],"realizations":[69],"random":[71,137],"with":[73],"probability":[75,89,98,180],"distribution,":[76,82],"not":[83],"realizations.":[85],"By":[86],"introducing":[87],"distribution":[90,181],"space":[91,182],"to":[92,128],"bag-level":[93],"classification":[94],"problems,":[95],"dissimilarities":[96],"between":[97],"distributions":[99],"(divergences)":[100],"can":[101],"be":[102],"applied.":[103],"bag-to-bag":[105],"Kullback\u2013Leibler":[106],"information":[107],"asymptotically":[109],"best":[111],"classifier,":[112],"typical":[115],"sparseness":[116],"sets":[120],"obstacle.":[123],"We":[124,147],"introduce":[125],"bag-to-class":[126,152],"divergence":[127],"emphasizing":[131],"hierarchical":[133],"nature":[134],"that":[139,167],"makes":[140],"bags":[141],"from":[142],"same":[144],"different.":[146],"propose":[148,163],"two":[149],"properties":[150],"for":[151,158,185,189],"divergences,":[153],"additional":[156],"property":[157],"sparse":[159],"sets,":[161],"dissimilarity":[165],"measure":[166],"fulfils":[168],"them.":[169],"Its":[170],"performance":[171],"demonstrated":[173],"on":[174],"synthetic":[175],"real":[177],"data.":[178],"valid":[184],"both":[188],"theoretical":[191],"analysis":[192],"applications.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}