{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411606692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10070101","title":"OrthoKnow-SP: A Large-Scale Dataset on Orthographic Knowledge and Spelling Decisions in Spanish Adults","display_name":"OrthoKnow-SP: A Large-Scale Dataset on Orthographic Knowledge and Spelling Decisions in Spanish Adults","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411606692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10070101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data10070101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10070101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/7/101/pdf?version=1750767812","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/7/101/pdf?version=1750767812","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019222094","display_name":"Jon Andoni Du\u00f1abeitia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-8559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jon Andoni Du\u00f1abeitia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Nebrija en Cognici\u00f3n (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, 28043 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-8559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Nebrija en Cognici\u00f3n (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, 28043 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019222094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14386413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"7","first_page":"101","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.924487829208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthographic-projection","display_name":"Orthographic projection","score":0.6775891780853271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5512222051620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4064551591873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37027767300605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3222164511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32051652669906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3108382225036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1777634620666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08405813574790955}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.924487829208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175694140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980329","display_name":"Orthographic projection","level":2,"score":0.6775891780853271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5512222051620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4064551591873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37027767300605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3222164511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32051652669906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3108382225036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1777634620666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08405813574790955}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/data10070101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10070101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/7/101/pdf?version=1750767812","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2713cf68029c47d597c0d695a9423525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2713cf68029c47d597c0d695a9423525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data, Vol 10, Iss 7, p 101 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/data10070101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/data10070101","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/10/7/101/pdf?version=1750767812","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226510","display_name":"Data","issn_l":"2306-5729","issn":["2306-5729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5945685395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-126884NB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310214","display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","ror":"https://ror.org/04ra91131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411606692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411606692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556621857","https://openalex.org/W2019604084","https://openalex.org/W2082165867","https://openalex.org/W2086383963","https://openalex.org/W2141214869","https://openalex.org/W2407880001","https://openalex.org/W2700402477","https://openalex.org/W2769689139","https://openalex.org/W2901478927","https://openalex.org/W3006766818","https://openalex.org/W3133527081","https://openalex.org/W3188312953","https://openalex.org/W3193232548","https://openalex.org/W4408313716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100947578","https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W1555832326","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1573800541","https://openalex.org/W2022122859","https://openalex.org/W4383098442"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Orthographic":[0],"knowledge":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,26,52,55,59,173],"critical":[4],"component":[5],"of":[6,113,136,152],"skilled":[7],"language":[8,183],"use,":[9],"yet":[10],"its":[11],"large-scale":[12],"behavioral":[13],"signatures":[14],"remain":[15],"understudied":[16],"in":[17,77],"Spanish.":[18],"To":[19],"address":[20],"this":[21],"gap,":[22],"we":[23],"developed":[24],"OrthoKnow-SP,":[25],"megastudy":[27],"that":[28,62],"captures":[29],"spelling":[30,138,178],"decisions":[31],"from":[32,51,146],"27,185":[33],"native":[34],"Spanish-speaking":[35],"adults":[36],"who":[37],"completed":[38],"an":[39],"80-item":[40],"forced-choice":[41],"task.":[42],"Each":[43],"trial":[44],"required":[45],"selecting":[46],"the":[47,67,132,158],"correctly":[48],"spelled":[49],"word":[50,57,114],"pair":[53],"comprising":[54],"real":[56],"and":[58,84,94,103,122,142,160,166,170,180],"pseudohomophone":[60],"foil":[61],"preserved":[63],"pronunciation":[64],"while":[65],"violating":[66],"correct":[68],"graphemic":[69],"representation.":[70],"The":[71,129],"stimuli":[72],"targeted":[73],"six":[74],"high-confusability":[75],"contrasts":[76],"Spanish":[78,137],"orthography.":[79],"We":[80],"recorded":[81],"response":[82],"accuracy":[83,123],"reaction":[85],"times":[86],"for":[87,176],"over":[88],"2.17":[89],"million":[90],"trials,":[91],"alongside":[92],"demographic":[93,161],"device":[95],"metadata.":[96],"Results":[97],"show":[98],"robust":[99],"variability":[100],"across":[101],"items":[102],"individuals,":[104],"with":[105,110,172],"item-level":[106],"metrics":[107],"closely":[108],"aligned":[109],"independent":[111],"norms":[112,135],"prevalence.":[115],"A":[116],"composite":[117],"difficulty":[118],"index":[119],"integrating":[120],"speed":[121],"further":[124],"allowed":[125],"fine-grained":[126],"item":[127],"ranking.":[128],"dataset":[130],"provides":[131,167],"first":[133],"population-scale":[134],"difficulty,":[139],"capturing":[140],"regional":[141],"generational":[143],"diversity":[144],"absent":[145],"traditional":[147],"lab-based":[148],"studies.":[149],"Public":[150],"release":[151],"OrthoKnow-SP":[153],"enables":[154],"new":[155],"research":[156],"on":[157],"cognitive":[159],"factors":[162],"shaping":[163],"orthographic":[164],"decisions,":[165],"educators,":[168],"clinicians,":[169],"developers":[171],"valuable":[174],"benchmark":[175],"assessing":[177],"competence":[179],"modeling":[181],"written":[182],"processing.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}