{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386030214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080166","title":"Enhancing Data Security: A Cutting-Edge Approach Utilizing Protein Chains in Cryptography and Steganography","display_name":"Enhancing Data Security: A Cutting-Edge Approach Utilizing Protein Chains in Cryptography and Steganography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386030214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12080166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/166/pdf?version=1692427047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/166/pdf?version=1692427047","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018604067","display_name":"Noura A. Mawla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-0588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277213931","display_name":"Alrafidain University College","ror":"https://ror.org/0204z0d18","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noura A. Mawla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, AL-Rafidain University College, Baghdad 46036, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-0588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, AL-Rafidain University College, Baghdad 46036, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075394226","display_name":"Hussein K. Khafaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-0568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277213931","display_name":"Alrafidain University College","ror":"https://ror.org/0204z0d18","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein K. Khafaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, AL-Rafidain University College, Baghdad 46036, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, AL-Rafidain University College, Baghdad 46036, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018604067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.7444,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84719425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"166","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.794258713722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7335156202316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6539181470870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.6005880832672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.5450735688209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4743553400039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.4202231466770172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34323275089263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.14770013093948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.14416494965553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10913708806037903}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.794258713722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7335156202316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6539181470870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.6005880832672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.5450735688209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4743553400039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.4202231466770172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34323275089263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.14770013093948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.14416494965553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10913708806037903}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12080166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/166/pdf?version=1692427047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ed91a03fe5042d58050ff1c22e13c0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ed91a03fe5042d58050ff1c22e13c0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 166 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12080166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/166/pdf?version=1692427047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386030214.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981570639","https://openalex.org/W2306850823","https://openalex.org/W2516956174","https://openalex.org/W2741840250","https://openalex.org/W2811448493","https://openalex.org/W2889367839","https://openalex.org/W2967445128","https://openalex.org/W2997367715","https://openalex.org/W2999506560","https://openalex.org/W3035218131","https://openalex.org/W3046455301","https://openalex.org/W3048300528","https://openalex.org/W3079675143","https://openalex.org/W3089073087","https://openalex.org/W3172251530","https://openalex.org/W3175829653","https://openalex.org/W3217536113","https://openalex.org/W4200279574","https://openalex.org/W4221101677","https://openalex.org/W4225151980","https://openalex.org/W4225542653","https://openalex.org/W4240802675","https://openalex.org/W4243447579","https://openalex.org/W4289133725","https://openalex.org/W4296443039","https://openalex.org/W4297042752","https://openalex.org/W4307551237","https://openalex.org/W4322618589","https://openalex.org/W6843080364","https://openalex.org/W6941417729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054351791","https://openalex.org/W4221140504","https://openalex.org/W1427983509","https://openalex.org/W4315926519","https://openalex.org/W1428080140","https://openalex.org/W3085294341","https://openalex.org/W2588780717","https://openalex.org/W2079117167","https://openalex.org/W2732488017","https://openalex.org/W2362689357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"with":[1],"the":[2,32,37,88,91,97,100,104,128,134,144,155,163,216,231,250,281,293,298,315,320,335,338],"increase":[3,138],"in":[4,23,109,125,133,169,191,201,225,237,272,302],"cyber-attacks,":[5],"hacking,":[6],"and":[7,13,25,55,64,70,103,114,117,195,241,274,286,306,312,314],"data":[8,11,92,102,140,233],"theft,":[9],"maintaining":[10],"security":[12],"confidentiality":[14],"is":[15,86,174],"of":[16,34,90,130,160,189,218,230,263,283,304,323,337],"paramount":[17],"importance.":[18],"Several":[19],"techniques":[20],"are":[21,77,107,121,148,267,270],"used":[22,67,78,149,331],"cryptography":[24,54,295],"steganography":[26,56,317],"to":[27,53,68,79,93,127,137,153,210,280],"ensure":[28],"their":[29],"safety":[30],"during":[31],"transfer":[33],"information":[35],"between":[36],"two":[38],"parties":[39],"without":[40],"interference":[41],"from":[42],"an":[43,255],"unauthorized":[44],"third":[45],"party.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"proposes":[49],"a":[50,60,81,151,170,192],"modern":[51],"approach":[52],"based":[57],"on":[58,123,215,254],"exploiting":[59],"new":[61],"environment:":[62],"bases":[63,76,165,244],"protein":[65,75,145,164,204,239,243,251],"chains":[66],"encrypt":[69],"hide":[71,154],"sensitive":[72],"data.":[73,157,339],"The":[74,158,261,289],"form":[80],"cipher":[82,105],"key":[83,106],"whose":[84],"length":[85,89],"twice":[87],"be":[94,167,184,199,208,235,246],"encrypted.":[95],"During":[96],"encryption":[98,135],"process,":[99],"plain":[101,284],"represented":[108],"several":[110,118],"forms,":[111],"including":[112],"hexadecimal":[113],"binary":[115],"representation,":[116],"arithmetic":[119],"operations":[120],"performed":[122,168],"them,":[124],"addition":[126],"use":[129],"logic":[131],"gates":[132],"process":[136,159],"encrypted":[139,156,232],"randomness.":[141],"As":[142],"for":[143,258],"chains,":[146],"they":[147,269],"as":[150,334],"cover":[152,336],"hiding":[161,275,328],"inside":[162],"will":[166,183,198,207,234,245],"sophisticated":[171],"manner":[172],"that":[173,206,220,268,292,309,330],"undetectable":[175],"by":[176],"statistical":[177],"analysis":[178],"methods,":[179],"where":[180],"each":[181,196],"byte":[182,229],"fragmented":[185],"into":[186],"three":[187,238],"groups":[188],"bits":[190,219],"special":[193,226],"order,":[194],"group":[197,212],"included":[200],"one":[202],"specific":[203],"base":[205],"allocated":[209],"this":[211,259],"only,":[213],"depending":[214,253],"classifications":[217],"have":[221],"been":[222],"previously":[223],"stored":[224],"databases.":[227],"Each":[228],"hidden":[236],"bases,":[240],"these":[242,264],"distributed":[247],"randomly":[248],"over":[249],"chain,":[252],"equation":[256],"designed":[257],"purpose.":[260],"advantages":[262],"proposed":[265,294,316],"algorithms":[266,301,329],"fast":[271],"encrypting":[273],"data,":[276,285],"scalable,":[277],"i.e.,":[278],"insensitive":[279],"size":[282],"lossless":[287],"algorithms.":[288],"experiments":[290],"showed":[291],"algorithm":[296,318],"outperforms":[297],"most":[299],"recent":[300],"terms":[303],"entropy":[305],"correlation":[307],"values":[308],"reach":[310],"\u22120.6778":[311],"7.99941,":[313],"has":[319],"highest":[321],"payload":[322],"2.666":[324],"among":[325],"five":[326],"well-known":[327],"DNA":[332],"sequences":[333]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}