{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401707002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12080165","title":"Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Vehicular Crashes into Three-Bar Metal Bridge Rail","display_name":"Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Vehicular Crashes into Three-Bar Metal Bridge Rail","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401707002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12080165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12080165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12080165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/8/165/pdf?version=1724134797","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/8/165/pdf?version=1724134797","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075175745","display_name":"Hongbing Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-0374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67789559","display_name":"Liberty University","ror":"https://ror.org/00w4qrc49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howie Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-0374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104774555","display_name":"Christopher Jaus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67789559","display_name":"Liberty University","ror":"https://ror.org/00w4qrc49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Jaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391146","display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-706X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55707380","display_name":"Manhattan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhnzg94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY 10471, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-706X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY 10471, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021868440","display_name":"Emre Palta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125454184","display_name":"Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a0mk874","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125454184"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Palta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-9949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125454184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001946588","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Pachocki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-6621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukasz Pachocki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-6621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044511328","display_name":"Dawid Bruski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1598-3911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawid Bruski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075175745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.7487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68551029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"165","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10707","display_name":"Cellular and Composite Structures","score":0.9455999732017517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.7609517574310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.650606632232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6474806666374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash-test","display_name":"Crash test","score":0.6381760239601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pickup","display_name":"Pickup","score":0.4933899939060211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4833764433860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.44887685775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.4480731785297394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.44616737961769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bar","display_name":"Bar (unit)","score":0.4373897612094879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32774418592453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08670416474342346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.7609517574310303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.650606632232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6474806666374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51175575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431790","display_name":"Crash test","level":3,"score":0.6381760239601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572648","display_name":"Pickup","level":3,"score":0.4933899939060211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4833764433860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.44887685775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.4480731785297394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.44616737961769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188721877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103510","display_name":"Bar (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4373897612094879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32774418592453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08670416474342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12080165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12080165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/8/165/pdf?version=1724134797","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3c759e2fc3a49fabd14f4a0f8a2e517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3c759e2fc3a49fabd14f4a0f8a2e517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 165 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/12/8/165/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation12080165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12080165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12080165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/8/165/pdf?version=1724134797","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8635964893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RP2019-23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315312","funder_display_name":"North Carolina Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315312","display_name":"North Carolina Department of Transportation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401707002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401707002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33734088","https://openalex.org/W605204360","https://openalex.org/W647924669","https://openalex.org/W651832872","https://openalex.org/W768285704","https://openalex.org/W858480255","https://openalex.org/W1989298194","https://openalex.org/W1989998917","https://openalex.org/W2012881306","https://openalex.org/W2069997402","https://openalex.org/W2072149650","https://openalex.org/W2094565249","https://openalex.org/W2105514540","https://openalex.org/W2113861597","https://openalex.org/W2120892387","https://openalex.org/W2158627497","https://openalex.org/W2246088726","https://openalex.org/W2276797971","https://openalex.org/W2331531684","https://openalex.org/W2342695721","https://openalex.org/W2535666159","https://openalex.org/W2551937618","https://openalex.org/W2606327206","https://openalex.org/W2614156735","https://openalex.org/W2624516164","https://openalex.org/W2833898116","https://openalex.org/W2899102611","https://openalex.org/W2947299589","https://openalex.org/W2971638766","https://openalex.org/W2980950398","https://openalex.org/W3028312707","https://openalex.org/W3037011397","https://openalex.org/W3039544318","https://openalex.org/W3042527194","https://openalex.org/W3091660802","https://openalex.org/W3179367353","https://openalex.org/W3210633106","https://openalex.org/W3214475124","https://openalex.org/W4214691307","https://openalex.org/W4285733100","https://openalex.org/W4312132016","https://openalex.org/W4380854426","https://openalex.org/W4390659283","https://openalex.org/W6601381979","https://openalex.org/W6618471000","https://openalex.org/W6623815320","https://openalex.org/W6780360928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118722852","https://openalex.org/W2381888624","https://openalex.org/W583553787","https://openalex.org/W2786488794","https://openalex.org/W853138593","https://openalex.org/W2233459394","https://openalex.org/W1957708042","https://openalex.org/W2391203851","https://openalex.org/W4210638016","https://openalex.org/W2012199816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"finite":[1],"element":[2],"(FE)":[3],"modeling":[4],"and":[5,28,50,77,86,120,139,161],"simulations":[6,37],"were":[7,32,60,100],"performed":[8],"on":[9,69],"vehicular":[10,98],"crashes":[11],"into":[12],"a":[13,23,25,29,70,75,78,156,178],"three-bar":[14],"metal":[15,72],"bridge":[16,73],"rail":[17],"(TMBR).":[18],"The":[19,56,96,123,147,170],"FE":[20],"models":[21,59,99],"of":[22,108],"sedan,":[24],"pickup":[26,79],"truck,":[27],"TMBR":[30,110,124,148,176],"section":[31],"adopted":[33],"in":[34,93,190],"the":[35,94,105,109,134,145,164,175,186,191,196],"crash":[36,66,106],"subject":[38],"to":[39,88,103,132],"Manual":[40],"for":[41,115,185],"Assessing":[42],"Safety":[43],"Hardware":[44],"(MASH)":[45],"Test":[46,51],"Level":[47,52],"2":[48],"(TL-2)":[49],"3":[53],"(TL-3)":[54],"requirements.":[55],"test":[57],"vehicle":[58],"first":[61],"validated":[62,97],"using":[63,74,111],"full-scale":[64],"physical":[65,84],"tests":[67],"conducted":[68],"two-bar":[71],"sedan":[76,165],"truck":[80],"with":[81],"similar":[82],"overall":[83],"properties":[85],"sizes":[87],"their":[89],"respective":[90],"vehicles":[91],"used":[92,102],"simulations.":[95],"then":[101],"evaluate":[104],"performance":[107],"MASH":[112,127,135,167,197],"evaluation":[113],"criteria":[114],"structural":[116],"adequacy,":[117],"occupant":[118,187],"risk,":[119],"post-impact":[121],"trajectory.":[122],"met":[125,180],"all":[126,181],"TL-2":[128],"requirements":[129,141,183],"but":[130],"failed":[131],"meet":[133],"TL-3":[136,168],"Criteria":[137],"H":[138],"N":[140],"when":[142],"impacted":[143,162],"by":[144,163,199],"sedan.":[146],"was":[149],"also":[150],"evaluated":[151],"under":[152,166],"in-service":[153],"conditions":[154],"(behind":[155],"1.52":[157],"m":[158],"wide":[159],"sidewalk)":[160],"conditions.":[169],"simulation":[171],"results":[172],"showed":[173],"that":[174],"behind":[177],"sidewalk":[179],"safety":[182],"except":[184],"impact":[188],"velocity":[189],"longitudinal":[192],"direction,":[193],"which":[194],"exceeded":[195],"limit":[198],"3.93%.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
