{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120469941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a4040262","title":"The Smallest Grammar Problem as Constituents Choice and Minimal Grammar Parsing","display_name":"The Smallest Grammar Problem as Constituents Choice and Minimal Grammar Parsing","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120469941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a4040262","mag":"2120469941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a4040262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a4040262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/4/4/262/pdf?version=1319715434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/4/4/262/pdf?version=1319715434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089404744","display_name":"Rafael Carrascosa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166401450","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","ror":"https://ror.org/056tb7j80","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166401450"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Carrascosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Argentina"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166401450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055528856","display_name":"F Coste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9134-6557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133778","display_name":"Centre Inria de l'Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/04040yw90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210133778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118410","display_name":"Institut th\u00e9matique G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, g\u00e9nomique et bioinformatique","ror":"https://ror.org/01rfstj90","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I4210118410"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Coste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Symbiose Project, IRISA/INRIA Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, France","Biological systems and models, bioinformatics and sequences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiose Project, IRISA/INRIA Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133778","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological systems and models, bioinformatics and sequences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074485795","display_name":"Matthias Gall\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-5911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118410","display_name":"Institut th\u00e9matique G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, g\u00e9nomique et bioinformatique","ror":"https://ror.org/01rfstj90","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I4210118410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802519937","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Al\u00e9atoires","ror":"https://ror.org/00myn0z94","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I2802204017","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4210127572","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I56067802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133778","display_name":"Centre Inria de l'Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/04040yw90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210133778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Gall\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Symbiose Project, IRISA/INRIA Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, France","Biological systems and models, bioinformatics and sequences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiose Project, IRISA/INRIA Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133778","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological systems and models, bioinformatics and sequences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005270046","display_name":"Gabriel Infante-L\u00f3pez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166401450","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","ror":"https://ror.org/056tb7j80","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166401450"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Infante-Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Argentina"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166401450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074485795","https://openalex.org/A5089404744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I166401450","https://openalex.org/I2802519937","https://openalex.org/I4210118410","https://openalex.org/I4210133778"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.1926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89458029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"262","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6849890351295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.6166588068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.577614963054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-attributed-grammar","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","score":0.5450189709663391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.522855818271637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5136868357658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mildly-context-sensitive-grammar-formalism","display_name":"Mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism","score":0.46537017822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-sensitive-grammar","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","score":0.4225090742111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.4108331501483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3876434862613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33839714527130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3213876187801361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3191547691822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.2664772868156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergent-grammar","display_name":"Emergent grammar","score":0.20641422271728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08149141073226929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6849890351295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.6166588068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.577614963054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67621940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113340","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","level":4,"score":0.5450189709663391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.522855818271637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5136868357658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172265290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134957","display_name":"Mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism","level":4,"score":0.46537017822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125950753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908674","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","level":4,"score":0.4225090742111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.4108331501483917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3876434862613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33839714527130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3213876187801361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3191547691822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2664772868156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69298649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045214","display_name":"Emergent grammar","level":3,"score":0.20641422271728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08149141073226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a4040262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a4040262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/4/4/262/pdf?version=1319715434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:inria-00638445v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/inria-00638445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com//1999-4893/4/4/262/","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67a87f6420214577a7b290ed7a2a4f18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67a87f6420214577a7b290ed7a2a4f18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp 262-284 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/4/4/262/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a4040262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 4; Issue 4; Pages: 262-284","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a4040262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a4040262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/4/4/262/pdf?version=1319715434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7758152977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"support","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","funder_display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313934","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321664","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Productiva","ror":"https://ror.org/02h503d38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2120469941.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2120469941.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28418033","https://openalex.org/W181668213","https://openalex.org/W938539187","https://openalex.org/W1530250655","https://openalex.org/W1541776932","https://openalex.org/W1973608346","https://openalex.org/W1980569719","https://openalex.org/W1987349868","https://openalex.org/W1990061958","https://openalex.org/W1993744084","https://openalex.org/W2026881511","https://openalex.org/W2049797130","https://openalex.org/W2083367980","https://openalex.org/W2085254467","https://openalex.org/W2087165009","https://openalex.org/W2105686649","https://openalex.org/W2107745473","https://openalex.org/W2109893852","https://openalex.org/W2113004376","https://openalex.org/W2115824344","https://openalex.org/W2119878143","https://openalex.org/W2122962290","https://openalex.org/W2130956967","https://openalex.org/W2144514096","https://openalex.org/W2187526581","https://openalex.org/W2602771387","https://openalex.org/W3036063182","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6607491642","https://openalex.org/W6687112011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557335907","https://openalex.org/W4286266684","https://openalex.org/W2055334547","https://openalex.org/W59084530","https://openalex.org/W1564771228","https://openalex.org/W3013359325","https://openalex.org/W2035755645","https://openalex.org/W281298494","https://openalex.org/W2543110176","https://openalex.org/W1999807683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"smallest":[1,6,60],"grammar":[2,8,54,61],"problem\u2014namely,":[3],"finding":[4],"a":[5,32,108],"context-free":[7],"that":[9,93],"generates":[10],"exactly":[11],"one":[12],"sequence\u2014is":[13],"of":[14,52,65,131,140],"practical":[15,91],"and":[16,27,55,134],"theoretical":[17],"importance":[18],"in":[19,75,114,116],"fields":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"Kolmogorov":[23],"complexity,":[24],"data":[25],"compression":[26],"pattern":[28],"discovery.":[29],"We":[30,67,84],"propose":[31,85],"new":[33,86],"perspective":[34],"on":[35,89,107,128],"this":[36,63,95],"problem":[37],"by":[38],"splitting":[39],"it":[40],"into":[41],"two":[42],"tasks:":[43],"(1)":[44],"choosing":[45],"which":[46],"words":[47],"will":[48],"be":[49],"the":[50,53,59,72,112,129],"constituents":[51],"(2)":[56],"searching":[57],"for":[58],"given":[62],"set":[64],"constituents.":[66],"show":[68],"how":[69],"to":[70,97,124,135],"solve":[71],"second":[73],"task":[74],"polynomial":[76],"time":[77],"parsing":[78],"longer":[79],"constituent":[80],"with":[81],"smaller":[82,105],"ones.":[83],"algorithms":[87,92,102],"based":[88],"classical":[90,109],"use":[94],"optimization":[96],"find":[98,104],"small":[99,132,141],"grammars.":[100],"Our":[101],"consistently":[103],"grammars":[106,133,139],"benchmark":[110],"reducing":[111],"size":[113],"10%":[115],"some":[117],"cases.":[118],"Moreover,":[119],"our":[120],"formulation":[121],"allows":[122],"us":[123],"define":[125],"interesting":[126],"bounds":[127],"number":[130],"empirically":[136],"compare":[137],"different":[138],"size.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}