{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128483637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19020143","title":"Gamification in Education and Its Impact on Student Academic Performance: A Conceptual Model Based on Systematic Literature Review and PLS-SEM Analysis","display_name":"Gamification in Education and Its Impact on Student Academic Performance: A Conceptual Model Based on Systematic Literature Review and PLS-SEM Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128483637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19020143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19020143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19020143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19020143","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080698427","display_name":"Ahmad Almufarreh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9083-2876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91450128","display_name":"Jazan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bjnq803","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91450128"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Almufarreh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deanship of Human Recourses and Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 82812, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deanship of Human Recourses and Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 82812, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91450128"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080698427"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91450128"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":109.3111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99939008,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"143","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.5853999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.5853999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14182","display_name":"Technology-Enhanced Education Studies","score":0.07090000063180923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14240","display_name":"E-Learning and COVID-19","score":0.024800000712275505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-model","display_name":"Conceptual model","score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"Critical thinking","score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4372999966144562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5127999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533356498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843894","display_name":"Critical thinking","level":2,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777004525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757990","display_name":"Higher-order thinking","level":4,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14564219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383646","display_name":"Social cognitive theory","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27177047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Systems thinking","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200287777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830115","display_name":"Concept map","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19020143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19020143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86ac46464f634289b7db35604de14317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86ac46464f634289b7db35604de14317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 2, p 143 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19020143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19020143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6346431374549866}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70123099","https://openalex.org/W137862887","https://openalex.org/W1473832581","https://openalex.org/W1740914679","https://openalex.org/W1930552044","https://openalex.org/W1948081202","https://openalex.org/W1954764565","https://openalex.org/W1988050849","https://openalex.org/W1995067334","https://openalex.org/W2007872832","https://openalex.org/W2010593734","https://openalex.org/W2018635757","https://openalex.org/W2020973551","https://openalex.org/W2035517494","https://openalex.org/W2091780073","https://openalex.org/W2099619975","https://openalex.org/W2100266736","https://openalex.org/W2107593547","https://openalex.org/W2127038133","https://openalex.org/W2130008934","https://openalex.org/W2145887502","https://openalex.org/W2230393156","https://openalex.org/W2239118894","https://openalex.org/W2395379914","https://openalex.org/W2398174324","https://openalex.org/W2506621603","https://openalex.org/W2726904498","https://openalex.org/W2759093838","https://openalex.org/W2776349560","https://openalex.org/W2777439336","https://openalex.org/W2793007602","https://openalex.org/W2810994710","https://openalex.org/W2894199405","https://openalex.org/W2910511673","https://openalex.org/W2947699524","https://openalex.org/W2962995456","https://openalex.org/W2968349893","https://openalex.org/W2995576379","https://openalex.org/W2996648733","https://openalex.org/W2996949226","https://openalex.org/W2999780938","https://openalex.org/W3000235744","https://openalex.org/W3002595910","https://openalex.org/W3007657319","https://openalex.org/W3014062173","https://openalex.org/W3015208637","https://openalex.org/W3034802098","https://openalex.org/W3038361157","https://openalex.org/W3097237491","https://openalex.org/W3103021774","https://openalex.org/W3108789059","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3119838590","https://openalex.org/W3121127546","https://openalex.org/W3125505924","https://openalex.org/W3130431100","https://openalex.org/W3131901237","https://openalex.org/W3133741685","https://openalex.org/W3135460983","https://openalex.org/W3137875885","https://openalex.org/W3145912648","https://openalex.org/W3150983321","https://openalex.org/W3154271163","https://openalex.org/W3157748019","https://openalex.org/W3164844061","https://openalex.org/W3172166913","https://openalex.org/W3181787385","https://openalex.org/W3186225330","https://openalex.org/W3197167743","https://openalex.org/W3198246753","https://openalex.org/W4200567253","https://openalex.org/W4244536268","https://openalex.org/W4252271829","https://openalex.org/W4253935414","https://openalex.org/W4283522023","https://openalex.org/W4283824584","https://openalex.org/W4289522832","https://openalex.org/W4293060971","https://openalex.org/W4308938172","https://openalex.org/W4309623572","https://openalex.org/W4310002747","https://openalex.org/W4381572391","https://openalex.org/W4385875431","https://openalex.org/W4386470810","https://openalex.org/W4386841687","https://openalex.org/W4388136269","https://openalex.org/W4388377664","https://openalex.org/W4389300016","https://openalex.org/W4389502867","https://openalex.org/W4392192182","https://openalex.org/W4392251525","https://openalex.org/W4393181990","https://openalex.org/W4393232053","https://openalex.org/W4396971071","https://openalex.org/W4399874568","https://openalex.org/W4410523711"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enhancing":[0],"student":[1,68,90,195,217],"academic":[2,69,196],"performance":[3,91],"remains":[4,38],"a":[5,21,53,62,162,190,212],"critical":[6,94],"challenge":[7],"for":[8,176,183,203,215],"educators":[9,204],"and":[10,60,88,93,103,112,115,129,131,134,166,205],"administrators.":[11],"Among":[12],"various":[13],"interventions,":[14],"gamification":[15,35,66,97,121,188,210],"has":[16],"gained":[17],"increasing":[18],"attention":[19],"as":[20,99,189,211],"promising":[22],"approach":[23],"to":[24,41,48,58,67,208],"improving":[25],"learning":[26,218],"outcomes.":[27,219],"However,":[28],"existing":[29],"research":[30],"on":[31,140],"the":[32,73,143,184],"role":[33],"of":[34,96,120,193],"in":[36,56],"education":[37],"fragmented":[39],"due":[40],"its":[42],"multidisciplinary":[43],"nature.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46],"aims":[47],"synthesize":[49],"current":[50],"knowledge":[51],"through":[52,149],"systematic":[54],"review":[55],"order":[57],"develop":[59],"validate":[61],"conceptual":[63,145],"framework":[64,146],"linking":[65],"performance.":[70,197],"By":[71],"following":[72],"PRISMA":[74],"framework,":[75,186],"62":[76],"relevant":[77],"studies":[78],"were":[79,153],"reviewed,":[80],"highlighting":[81],"several":[82],"recurring":[83],"themes,":[84],"including":[85],"game":[86],"design":[87],"development,":[89,101],"outcomes,":[92],"aspects":[95],"such":[98],"cognitive":[100],"motivation,":[102],"empowerment.":[104],"Key":[105],"mechanisms":[106],"identified":[107],"include":[108,123],"active":[109],"learning,":[110,114],"personalized":[111],"adaptive":[113],"collaborative":[116],"interaction.":[117],"Reported":[118],"outcomes":[119],"interventions":[122],"higher":[124],"test":[125],"scores,":[126],"reduced":[127],"anxiety":[128],"stress,":[130],"increased":[132],"engagement":[133],"positive":[135],"attitudes":[136],"toward":[137],"learning.":[138],"Building":[139],"these":[141],"findings,":[142],"resulting":[144],"was":[147,174],"validated":[148],"empirical":[150,181],"research.":[151],"Data":[152],"collected":[154],"from":[155,158],"289":[156],"students":[157],"Saudi":[159],"Arabia":[160],"using":[161],"structured":[163],"survey":[164],"instrument,":[165],"Partial":[167],"Least":[168],"Squares":[169],"Structural":[170],"Equation":[171],"Modeling":[172],"(PLS-SEM)":[173],"employed":[175],"analysis.":[177],"The":[178,198],"results":[179],"provide":[180,200],"support":[182],"proposed":[185],"confirming":[187],"significant":[191],"driver":[192],"improved":[194],"findings":[199],"practical":[201],"implications":[202],"policymakers":[206],"seeking":[207],"leverage":[209],"strategic":[213],"tool":[214],"enhancing":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}