{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118168779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19010042","title":"YOLO-LIO: A Real-Time Enhanced Detection and Integrated Traffic Monitoring System for Road Vehicles","display_name":"YOLO-LIO: A Real-Time Enhanced Detection and Integrated Traffic Monitoring System for Road Vehicles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118168779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19010042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19010042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19010042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/1/42/pdf?version=1767526290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/1/42/pdf?version=1767526290","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121935108","display_name":"Rachmat Muwardi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154341788","display_name":"Tangshan College","ror":"https://ror.org/00rfn0469","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177671886","display_name":"Mercu Buana University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgk605","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177671886"]}],"countries":["CN","ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachmat Muwardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia","School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China","Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177671886"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115593058","display_name":"Haiyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5896-1070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154341788","display_name":"Tangshan College","ror":"https://ror.org/00rfn0469","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China","Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048791416","display_name":"Hongmin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-2533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154341788","display_name":"Tangshan College","ror":"https://ror.org/00rfn0469","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongmin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082018059","display_name":"Mirna Yunita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7569-1772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirna Yunita","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040656230","display_name":"Rizky Rahmatullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158665","display_name":"National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/049j1tf72","country_code":"ID","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158665"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizky Rahmatullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Telecommunication, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Telecommunication, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158665"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108348808","display_name":"Ahmad Musyafa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157166","display_name":"Universitas Pamulang","ror":"https://ror.org/05x6rt433","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157166"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Musyafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Pamulang, South Tangerang 15417, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Pamulang, South Tangerang 15417, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059112110","display_name":"Galang P. N. Hakim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-9057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177671886","display_name":"Mercu Buana University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgk605","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177671886"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galang Persada Nurani Hakim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177671886"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081391873","display_name":"Dedik Romahadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9835-5453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177671886","display_name":"Mercu Buana University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgk605","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177671886"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dedik Romahadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177671886"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115593058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I154341788"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0239875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.2442999929189682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.2442999929189682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.2143000066280365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.210099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.541700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.3564000129699707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7472000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.541700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29168087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026711","display_name":"Blob detection","level":5,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985695025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994","display_name":"Road traffic","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64093975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356677","display_name":"Floating car data","level":3,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42693407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686317","display_name":"Advanced Traffic Management System","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19010042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19010042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/1/42/pdf?version=1767526290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e23d0af86d4401c969b29788d85e04a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e23d0af86d4401c969b29788d85e04a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 19, Iss 1, p 42 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19010042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19010042","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/19/1/42/pdf?version=1767526290","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118168779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118168779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2972309292","https://openalex.org/W2973696262","https://openalex.org/W3013467123","https://openalex.org/W3040977527","https://openalex.org/W3091422730","https://openalex.org/W3092371156","https://openalex.org/W3100525211","https://openalex.org/W3136421595","https://openalex.org/W3136869208","https://openalex.org/W3157365548","https://openalex.org/W3160501814","https://openalex.org/W3160774660","https://openalex.org/W3163516330","https://openalex.org/W3166561508","https://openalex.org/W3196397220","https://openalex.org/W3205772079","https://openalex.org/W3208361630","https://openalex.org/W4200103379","https://openalex.org/W4205977910","https://openalex.org/W4211256381","https://openalex.org/W4226095742","https://openalex.org/W4280506059","https://openalex.org/W4282944312","https://openalex.org/W4293661539","https://openalex.org/W4298004595","https://openalex.org/W4306149776","https://openalex.org/W4315647001","https://openalex.org/W4321597926","https://openalex.org/W4361854625","https://openalex.org/W4367295929","https://openalex.org/W4377971464","https://openalex.org/W4381661790","https://openalex.org/W4387435696","https://openalex.org/W4388859018","https://openalex.org/W4389960964","https://openalex.org/W4391325223","https://openalex.org/W4394790048","https://openalex.org/W4399480366","https://openalex.org/W4399528990","https://openalex.org/W4401002062","https://openalex.org/W4404528691","https://openalex.org/W4405195260","https://openalex.org/W4408564202"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"violations":[1],"and":[2,11,22,49,61,71,100,129,136,148,181,189],"road":[3],"accidents":[4],"remain":[5,27],"significant":[6],"challenges":[7,44],"in":[8],"developing":[9],"safe":[10],"efficient":[12,62,183],"transportation":[13,187],"systems.":[14],"Despite":[15],"technological":[16],"advancements,":[17],"improving":[18,46,190],"vehicle":[19,37,118,149],"detection":[20,38,48,108,123,131],"accuracy":[21],"enabling":[23],"real-time":[24,51],"traffic":[25,112,146,191],"management":[26],"critical":[28],"research":[29],"priorities.":[30],"This":[31],"study":[32],"proposes":[33],"YOLO-LIO,":[34],"an":[35,101,178],"enhanced":[36],"framework":[39],"designed":[40],"to":[41,74,144],"address":[42],"these":[43],"by":[45],"small-object":[47],"optimizing":[50],"deployment.":[52],"The":[53,174],"system":[54,115,143,176],"introduces":[55],"multi-scale":[56],"detection,":[57],"virtual":[58,127],"zone":[59,128],"filtering,":[60],"preprocessing":[63],"techniques,":[64],"including":[65],"grayscale":[66],"transformation,":[67],"Laplacian":[68],"variance":[69],"calculation,":[70],"median":[72],"filtering":[73],"reduce":[75],"computational":[76],"complexity":[77],"while":[78],"maintaining":[79],"high":[80,152],"performance.":[81],"YOLO-LIO":[82,154],"was":[83,155],"rigorously":[84],"evaluated":[85],"on":[86,133,158],"five":[87],"datasets,":[88],"GRAM":[89],"Road-Traffic":[90],"Monitoring":[91],"(99.55%":[92],"accuracy),":[93],"MAVD-Traffic":[94],"(99.02%),":[95],"UA-DETRAC":[96],"(65.14%),":[97],"KITTI":[98],"(94.21%),":[99],"Author":[102],"Dataset":[103],"(99.45%),":[104],"consistently":[105],"demonstrating":[106],"superior":[107],"capabilities":[109],"across":[110],"diverse":[111],"scenarios.":[113],"Additional":[114],"features":[116],"include":[117],"counting":[119],"using":[120],"a":[121,126,161],"dual-line":[122],"strategy":[124],"within":[125],"speed":[130],"based":[132],"frame":[134],"displacement":[135],"camera":[137],"calibration.":[138],"These":[139],"enhancements":[140],"enable":[141],"the":[142],"monitor":[145],"flow":[147],"speeds":[150],"with":[151],"accuracy.":[153],"successfully":[156],"deployed":[157],"Jetson":[159],"Nano,":[160],"compact,":[162],"energy-efficient":[163],"hardware":[164],"platform,":[165],"proving":[166],"its":[167],"suitability":[168],"for":[169],"real-time,":[170],"low-power":[171],"embedded":[172],"applications.":[173],"proposed":[175],"offers":[177],"accurate,":[179],"scalable,":[180],"computationally":[182],"solution,":[184],"advancing":[185],"intelligent":[186],"systems":[188],"safety":[192],"management.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}