{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417164853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120777","title":"Chinese Text Readability Assessment Based on the Integration of Visualized Part-of-Speech Information with Linguistic Features","display_name":"Chinese Text Readability Assessment Based on the Integration of Visualized Part-of-Speech Information with Linguistic Features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417164853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120777","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/777/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/777/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111913450","display_name":"Chi-Yi Hsieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135551196","display_name":"National Kaohsiung Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsc8g87","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135551196"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Yi Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, Ans. 621301 Innovation Building R209, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung Township, Chia-Yi 621301, Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","The Institute of Chinese Language Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, Ans. 621301 Innovation Building R209, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung Township, Chia-Yi 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Chinese Language Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135551196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085060115","display_name":"Jingyan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-0751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183570559","display_name":"National Chiayi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gknbs13","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183570559"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing-Yan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600325, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600325, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183570559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062994447","display_name":"Chi\u2010Wen Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7006-8794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135551196","display_name":"National Kaohsiung Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsc8g87","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135551196"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Wen Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, Ans. 621301 Innovation Building R209, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung Township, Chia-Yi 621301, Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","The Institute of Chinese Language Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, Ans. 621301 Innovation Building R209, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung Township, Chia-Yi 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Chinese Language Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135551196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002123986","display_name":"Boyuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-1886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Yuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104229637","display_name":"Yi\u2010Chi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Chi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334460","display_name":"Yuxiang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Xiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung 621301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111913450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135551196","https://openalex.org/I148099254"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21566212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"777","last_page":"777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.8859000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5658000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.4458000063896179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.8859000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8019000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5658000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018428822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850","display_name":"Chinese language","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64249296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5250411","display_name":"Deep linguistic processing","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779500292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14802672","display_name":"Text processing","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120777","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/777/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:854f0863db5c483d8ac85d9eed8a7041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/854f0863db5c483d8ac85d9eed8a7041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 777 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18120777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18120777","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/12/777/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417164853.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417164853.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024546487","https://openalex.org/W2063526809","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2073422463","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2340721711","https://openalex.org/W2504077563","https://openalex.org/W2801716390","https://openalex.org/W2928364406","https://openalex.org/W2964941017","https://openalex.org/W3037021823","https://openalex.org/W3081986567","https://openalex.org/W3084059889","https://openalex.org/W3157368957","https://openalex.org/W3172148746","https://openalex.org/W4206333944","https://openalex.org/W4323318506","https://openalex.org/W4360615713","https://openalex.org/W4387185987","https://openalex.org/W4399939042","https://openalex.org/W4401027903","https://openalex.org/W4402369984"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,75,230],"assessment":[1,28,53],"of":[2,34,65,97,142,162,200,221,224],"Chinese":[3,11,23,51,67,76,92,202,210,217,260],"text":[4,93],"readability":[5,27,52,166,261],"plays":[6],"a":[7,95,105,184,198],"significant":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,32,39,60,242,259],"language":[12,218],"education.":[13],"Due":[14],"to":[15,89,109,137],"the":[16,26,35,47,62,66,91,124,139,143,146,165,174,181,209,233,237,243,247,251,256],"intrinsic":[17],"differences":[18],"between":[19,50],"alphabetic":[20],"languages":[21],"and":[22,42,54,57,78,159,214,227,246],"character":[24],"representations,":[25],"becomes":[29],"more":[30,252],"challenging":[31],"terms":[33],"language\u2019s":[36],"inherent":[37],"complexity":[38],"vocabulary,":[40],"syntax,":[41],"semantics.":[43],"article":[45],"proposed":[46,234],"conceptual":[48],"analogy":[49],"music\u2019s":[55],"rhythm":[56],"tempo":[58],"patterns,":[59],"which":[61],"syntactic":[63],"structures":[64],"sentences":[68],"could":[69],"be":[70,120],"transformed":[71],"into":[72,94,173],"an":[73],"image.":[74],"Knowledge":[77],"Information":[79],"Processing":[80],"Tagger":[81],"(CkipTagger)":[82],"tool":[83],"developed":[84],"by":[85,122,216],"Sinica-Taiwan":[86],"is":[87,134,191],"utilized":[88],"decompose":[90],"set":[96],"tokens.":[98],"These":[99],"tokens":[100],"are":[101],"then":[102,135],"refined":[103],"through":[104],"user-defined":[106],"token":[107,125],"pool":[108],"retain":[110],"meaningful":[111],"units.":[112],"An":[113],"image":[114],"with":[115,205,236,250],"part-of-speech":[116],"(POS)":[117],"information":[118],"will":[119],"generated":[121],"using":[123],"versus":[126],"syntax":[127],"alignment.":[128],"A":[129],"discrete":[130],"cosine":[131],"transform":[132],"(DCT)":[133],"applied":[136],"extract":[138],"temporal":[140],"characteristics":[141],"text.":[144],"Moreover,":[145],"study":[147],"integrated":[148],"four":[149],"categories:":[150],"linguistic":[151,238],"features\u2013type\u2013token":[152],"ratio,":[153],"average":[154],"sentence":[155],"length,":[156],"total":[157,199],"word,":[158],"difficulty":[160],"level":[161],"vocabulary":[163],"for":[164,180,193,208],"assessment.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"these":[169],"features":[170,239],"were":[171,212],"fed":[172],"Support":[175],"Vector":[176],"Machine":[177],"(SVM)":[178],"network":[179,190,258],"classifications.":[182],"Furthermore,":[183],"bidirectional":[185],"long":[186],"short-term":[187],"memory":[188],"(Bi-LSTM)":[189],"adopted":[192],"quantitative":[194],"comparisons.":[195],"In":[196],"simulation,":[197],"774":[201],"texts":[203],"fitted":[204],"Taiwan":[206],"Benchmarks":[207],"Language":[211],"selected":[213],"graded":[215],"experts,":[219],"consisting":[220],"equal":[222],"amounts":[223],"basic,":[225],"intermediate,":[226],"advanced":[228],"levels.":[229],"finding":[231],"indicated":[232],"POS":[235],"work":[240],"well":[241],"SVM":[244],"network,":[245],"performance":[248],"matches":[249],"complex":[253],"architectures":[254],"like":[255],"Bi-LSTM":[257],"assessments.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}
