{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408693218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18040179","title":"Protecting Intellectual Security Through Hate Speech Detection Using an Artificial Intelligence Approach","display_name":"Protecting Intellectual Security Through Hate Speech Detection Using an Artificial Intelligence Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408693218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18040179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18040179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18040179","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/4/179/pdf?version=1742565299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/4/179/pdf?version=1742565299","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005727215","display_name":"Sadeem Hamad Alrasheed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092650","display_name":"Buraydah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0krs40","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadeem Alrasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650","https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029955008","display_name":"Suliman Aladhadh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-8710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092650","display_name":"Buraydah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0krs40","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suliman Aladhadh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650","https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080301909","display_name":"Abdulatif Alabdulatif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0646-5872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092650","display_name":"Buraydah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0krs40","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulatif Alabdulatif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650","https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029955008"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236","https://openalex.org/I4210092650"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.6152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94887546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"179","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9441999793052673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5782479047775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5145818591117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.4342440962791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39262473583221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.16467803716659546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5782479047775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5145818591117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.4342440962791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39262473583221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.16467803716659546}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18040179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18040179","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/4/179/pdf?version=1742565299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55e6b68f55b44642966777750fd56087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55e6b68f55b44642966777750fd56087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 4, p 179 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18040179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18040179","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/4/179/pdf?version=1742565299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6708853683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QU-J-PG-2-2025 - 54284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","funder_display_name":"Qassim University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408693218.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898401058","https://openalex.org/W2901236145","https://openalex.org/W2952638691","https://openalex.org/W2972463128","https://openalex.org/W2977739081","https://openalex.org/W2988558073","https://openalex.org/W2996116632","https://openalex.org/W3011841493","https://openalex.org/W3014064185","https://openalex.org/W3024249300","https://openalex.org/W3038047279","https://openalex.org/W3087891130","https://openalex.org/W3087984428","https://openalex.org/W3089147596","https://openalex.org/W3091315987","https://openalex.org/W3093198074","https://openalex.org/W3118156451","https://openalex.org/W3120151739","https://openalex.org/W3121384227","https://openalex.org/W3126181281","https://openalex.org/W3162701860","https://openalex.org/W3172559340","https://openalex.org/W4225001692","https://openalex.org/W4233615506","https://openalex.org/W4252081735","https://openalex.org/W4281555843","https://openalex.org/W4281958034","https://openalex.org/W4282837590","https://openalex.org/W4285412986","https://openalex.org/W4316371702","https://openalex.org/W4366515944","https://openalex.org/W4376480873","https://openalex.org/W4388197554","https://openalex.org/W4391970070","https://openalex.org/W4393278749","https://openalex.org/W4393439728","https://openalex.org/W4396218551","https://openalex.org/W4399186664","https://openalex.org/W4403670069","https://openalex.org/W6680391009","https://openalex.org/W6775185541","https://openalex.org/W6863536603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"social":[1],"networks":[2,138],"(OSNs)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"an":[6,144],"integral":[7],"part":[8],"of":[9,33,54,64,103,115,146],"daily":[10],"life,":[11],"with":[12,93],"platforms":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"X":[16,29,110],"(formerly":[17],"Twitter)":[18],"being":[19],"among":[20,44],"the":[21,25,31,52,62,65,109,116,124,159],"most":[22],"popular":[23],"in":[24,148,154,162],"Middle":[26],"East.":[27],"However,":[28],"faces":[30],"problem":[32,48],"widespread":[34],"hate":[35,85,121,134,149],"speech":[36,86,150],"aimed":[37],"at":[38],"spreading":[39],"hostility":[40],"between":[41],"communities,":[42],"especially":[43],"Arabic-speaking":[45],"users.":[46],"This":[47,74],"is":[49],"exacerbated":[50],"by":[51],"lack":[53],"effective":[55],"tools":[56],"for":[57],"processing":[58],"Arabic":[59,66,84,104,164],"content":[60,169],"and":[61,72,82,90,96,152,167,177],"complexity":[63],"language,":[67],"including":[68],"its":[69],"diverse":[70],"grammar":[71],"dialects.":[73],"study":[75],"developed":[76],"a":[77,179],"two-layer":[78],"framework":[79,117],"to":[80,174],"detect":[81],"classify":[83],"using":[87,108],"machine":[88],"learning":[89,92],"deep":[91],"various":[94],"features":[95],"word":[97],"embedding":[98],"techniques.":[99],"A":[100],"large":[101],"dataset":[102],"tweets":[105],"was":[106],"collected":[107],"API.":[111],"The":[112],"first":[113],"layer":[114,126],"focused":[118],"on":[119],"detecting":[120],"speech,":[122],"while":[123],"second":[125],"classified":[127],"it":[128],"into":[129],"religious,":[130],"social,":[131],"or":[132],"political":[133],"speech.":[135],"Convolutional":[136],"neural":[137],"(CNN)":[139],"outperformed":[140],"other":[141],"models,":[142],"achieving":[143],"accuracy":[145],"92%":[147],"detection":[151],"93%":[153],"classification.":[155],"These":[156],"results":[157],"highlight":[158],"framework\u2019s":[160],"effectiveness":[161],"addressing":[163],"language":[165],"complexities":[166],"improving":[168],"monitoring":[170],"tools,":[171],"thereby":[172],"contributing":[173],"intellectual":[175],"security":[176],"fostering":[178],"safer":[180],"digital":[181],"space.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}