{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408152620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030143","title":"A Hair Drawing Evaluation Algorithm for Exactness Assessment Method in Portrait Drawing Learning Assistant System","display_name":"A Hair Drawing Evaluation Algorithm for Exactness Assessment Method in Portrait Drawing Learning Assistant System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408152620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/143/pdf?version=1741096566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/143/pdf?version=1741096566","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002843333","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1931-113X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","display_name":"Okayama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pc6pc55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057610115","display_name":"Nobuo Funabiki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-3473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","display_name":"Okayama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pc6pc55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nobuo Funabiki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104746864","display_name":"Erita Cicilia Febrianti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153613","display_name":"Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf3sf89","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153613"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erita Cicilia Febrianti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234","https://openalex.org/I4387153613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046381952","display_name":"Amang Sudarsono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-7948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153613","display_name":"Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf3sf89","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153613"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amang Sudarsono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234","https://openalex.org/I4387153613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089173534","display_name":"Chen\u2010Chien Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-8401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenchien Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106308, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106308, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057610115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06253602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"143","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14254","display_name":"Digital Media and Visual Art","score":0.879800021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14254","display_name":"Digital Media and Visual Art","score":0.879800021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13567","display_name":"AI and Multimedia in Education","score":0.8722000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14335","display_name":"Educational Robotics and Engineering","score":0.8515999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portrait","display_name":"Portrait","score":0.8034231662750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6348754167556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4690673053264618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39661967754364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.38678765296936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3819545805454254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.3418491780757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-history","display_name":"Art history","score":0.22254976630210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.18035027384757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0995607078075409}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162462552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307","display_name":"Portrait","level":2,"score":0.8034231662750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6348754167556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4690673053264618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39661967754364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.38678765296936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3819545805454254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.3418491780757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.22254976630210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.18035027384757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0995607078075409}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/143/pdf?version=1741096566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1af4700db73c433b942ba092ef29caf5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1af4700db73c433b942ba092ef29caf5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 143 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01081:0006715849","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/68606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18030143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18030143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/3/143/pdf?version=1741096566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408152620.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108066080","https://openalex.org/W2118113978","https://openalex.org/W2126635242","https://openalex.org/W2131092380","https://openalex.org/W2137277421","https://openalex.org/W2149380236","https://openalex.org/W2166475513","https://openalex.org/W2291735595","https://openalex.org/W2313528501","https://openalex.org/W2324566014","https://openalex.org/W2536901207","https://openalex.org/W2789095465","https://openalex.org/W2946220758","https://openalex.org/W2955730007","https://openalex.org/W3006025420","https://openalex.org/W3175579493","https://openalex.org/W3211023586","https://openalex.org/W4200342411","https://openalex.org/W4210400735","https://openalex.org/W4226004329","https://openalex.org/W4312978696","https://openalex.org/W4313166664","https://openalex.org/W4385527178","https://openalex.org/W4388727245","https://openalex.org/W4401810128","https://openalex.org/W4405908882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063032739","https://openalex.org/W2360001249","https://openalex.org/W594086971","https://openalex.org/W2315550989","https://openalex.org/W2031725242","https://openalex.org/W3169920643","https://openalex.org/W2141684174","https://openalex.org/W27177127","https://openalex.org/W4383739071","https://openalex.org/W2358709380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"portrait":[1,106,126],"drawing":[2,86,101,139,185],"has":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"popular":[6],"as":[7,28],"a":[8,32,121,125,137],"means":[9],"of":[10,35,40,64,124,164,174],"developing":[11],"artistic":[12],"skills":[13],"and":[14,37,71,103,127,172,194],"nurturing":[15],"emotional":[16],"expression.":[17],"However,":[18],"it":[19,119],"is":[20],"challenging":[21],"for":[22,57,142],"novices":[23,59],"to":[24,84,147,151,184],"start":[25],"learning":[26],"it,":[27],"they":[29],"usually":[30],"lack":[31],"solid":[33],"grasp":[34],"proportions":[36],"structural":[38],"foundations":[39],"the":[41,80,89,96,100,104,109,115,143,162,165,170,175,182,196,202,210,218],"five":[42],"senses.":[43],"To":[44,155],"address":[45],"this":[46,133,159],"problem,":[47],"we":[48,76,135,180,200],"have":[49,77],"studied":[50],"Portrait":[51],"Drawing":[52],"Learning":[53],"Assistant":[54],"System":[55],"(PDLAS)":[56],"guiding":[58],"by":[60,68,168,187,208],"providing":[61],"auxiliary":[62],"lines":[63],"facial":[65],"features,":[66],"generated":[67],"utilizing":[69],"OpenPose":[70],"OpenCV":[72],"libraries.":[73],"For":[74,178],"PDLAS,":[75],"also":[78],"presented":[79],"exactness":[81,144,219],"assessment":[82,145,220],"method":[83,111,146],"evaluate":[85],"accuracy":[87],"using":[88],"Normalized":[90],"Cross-Correlation":[91],"(NCC)":[92],"algorithm.":[93],"It":[94],"calculates":[95],"similarity":[97,215],"score":[98,204],"between":[99],"result":[102],"initial":[105],"photo.":[107],"Unfortunately,":[108],"current":[110],"does":[112],"not":[113],"assess":[114],"hair":[116,138,157,166,176],"drawing,":[117],"although":[118],"occupies":[120],"large":[122],"part":[123],"often":[128],"determines":[129],"its":[130],"quality.":[131],"In":[132,198],"paper,":[134],"present":[136],"evaluation":[140],"algorithm":[141,160],"offer":[148],"comprehensive":[149],"feedback":[150],"users":[152],"in":[153,206],"PDLAS.":[154],"emphasize":[156],"lines,":[158],"extracts":[161],"texture":[163],"region":[167],"computing":[169],"eigenvalues":[171],"eigenvectors":[173],"image.":[177],"evaluations,":[179],"applied":[181],"proposal":[183],"results":[186],"seven":[188],"students":[189],"from":[190,217],"Okayama":[191],"University,":[192],"Japan":[193],"confirmed":[195],"validity.":[197],"addition,":[199],"observed":[201],"NCC":[203],"improvement":[205],"PDLAS":[207],"modifying":[209],"face":[211],"parts":[212],"with":[213],"low":[214],"scores":[216],"method.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}