{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392102426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17030097","title":"Deep Neural Networks for HER2 Grading of Whole Slide Images with Subclasses Levels","display_name":"Deep Neural Networks for HER2 Grading of Whole Slide Images with Subclasses Levels","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392102426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17030097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17030097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17030097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/3/97/pdf?version=1708681849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/3/97/pdf?version=1708681849","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068267966","display_name":"An\u00edbal Pedraza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-6756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anibal Pedraza","raw_affiliation_strings":["VISILAB Group (Vision and Artificial Intelligence Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VISILAB Group (Vision and Artificial Intelligence Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076240514","display_name":"Lucia Gonzalez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116173","display_name":"Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real","ror":"https://ror.org/02f30ff69","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116173","https://openalex.org/I4210141158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucia Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040216542","display_name":"\u00d3scar D\u00e9niz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-4131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Deniz","raw_affiliation_strings":["VISILAB Group (Vision and Artificial Intelligence Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VISILAB Group (Vision and Artificial Intelligence Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023438344","display_name":"Gloria Bueno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7345-4869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Bueno","raw_affiliation_strings":["VISILAB Group (Vision and Artificial Intelligence Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VISILAB Group (Vision and Artificial Intelligence Group), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023438344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.0007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94130921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"97","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.747809886932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6692020893096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6532891392707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5985743403434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5668443441390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.47790393233299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.43663448095321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3959958553314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35255807638168335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.747809886932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6692020893096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6532891392707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5985743403434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5668443441390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47790393233299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.43663448095321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3959958553314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35255807638168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17030097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17030097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/3/97/pdf?version=1708681849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6e0e74c891a340359652c1b4e0c21a12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6e0e74c891a340359652c1b4e0c21a12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 97 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a17030097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a17030097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/17/3/97/pdf?version=1708681849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8028436715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-127567NB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392102426.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517909599","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1996778928","https://openalex.org/W2057114171","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2126846422","https://openalex.org/W2129112648","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2141966243","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2591259600","https://openalex.org/W2616930387","https://openalex.org/W2625829651","https://openalex.org/W2751723768","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2790813572","https://openalex.org/W2806074020","https://openalex.org/W2897434820","https://openalex.org/W2946877213","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963555207","https://openalex.org/W3100003598","https://openalex.org/W3160847342","https://openalex.org/W3174484627","https://openalex.org/W3180603221","https://openalex.org/W3205802794","https://openalex.org/W3209544266","https://openalex.org/W4311401918","https://openalex.org/W4315648306","https://openalex.org/W4318590625","https://openalex.org/W4319991751","https://openalex.org/W4328092624","https://openalex.org/W4380758104","https://openalex.org/W4384008190","https://openalex.org/W4386099091","https://openalex.org/W4387426033","https://openalex.org/W6678967330","https://openalex.org/W6847487717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W3208525924","https://openalex.org/W2591833644","https://openalex.org/W2885058781","https://openalex.org/W3127248583","https://openalex.org/W1552490082","https://openalex.org/W4236439135","https://openalex.org/W2189583758","https://openalex.org/W3009904625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"HER2":[0,34,141],"overexpression":[1],"is":[2,36,58,76,113,241],"a":[3,44,59,97,230,237],"prognostic":[4],"and":[5,29,105,115,123,165,186,202,222],"predictive":[6],"factor":[7],"observed":[8],"in":[9,65,84,90,159],"about":[10],"15%":[11],"to":[12,72,100,166,218,224],"20%":[13],"of":[14,20,27,33,46,62,82,136,140,149,195,213],"breast":[15],"cancer":[16],"cases.":[17],"The":[18,31,126],"assessment":[19],"its":[21],"expression":[22],"directly":[23],"affects":[24],"the":[25,54,79,91,102,147,150,162,168,171,187,210,245],"selection":[26],"treatment":[28],"prognosis.":[30],"measurement":[32],"status":[35],"performed":[37],"by":[38,179],"an":[39],"expert":[40],"pathologist":[41],"who":[42],"assigns":[43],"score":[45],"0,":[47],"1,":[48],"2+,":[49],"or":[50],"3+":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53],"gene":[55],"expression.":[56],"There":[57],"high":[60],"probability":[61],"interobserver":[63],"variability":[64],"this":[66,207],"evaluation,":[67],"especially":[68],"when":[69],"it":[70,107],"comes":[71],"class":[73,200],"2+.":[74],"This":[75,94,117],"reasonable":[77],"as":[78],"primary":[80],"cause":[81],"error":[83],"multiclass":[85],"classification":[86,152],"problems":[87],"typically":[88],"arises":[89],"intermediate":[92],"classes.":[93,192],"work":[95],"proposes":[96],"novel":[98],"approach":[99],"expand":[101],"decision":[103],"limit":[104],"divide":[106],"into":[108,156],"two":[109],"additional":[110],"classes,":[111],"that":[112,240],"1.5+":[114],"2.5+.":[116],"subdivision":[118],"facilitates":[119],"both":[120],"feature":[121],"learning":[122],"pathology":[124],"assessment.":[125],"method":[127],"was":[128,197],"evaluated":[129],"using":[130],"various":[131],"neural":[132],"networks":[133],"models":[134],"capable":[135],"performing":[137],"patch-wise":[138],"grading":[139],"whole":[142],"slide":[143],"images":[144],"(WSI).":[145],"Then,":[146],"outcomes":[148,176],"7-class":[151],"were":[153,177],"merged":[154],"back":[155],"5":[157,234],"classes":[158,235],"accordance":[160],"with":[161,170,190],"pathologists\u2019":[163],"criteria":[164],"compare":[167],"results":[169],"initial":[172],"5-class":[173],"model.":[174],"Optimal":[175],"achieved":[178,198],"employing":[180],"colour":[181],"transfer":[182],"for":[183,199,204,220,226,244],"data":[184],"augmentation,":[185],"ResNet-101":[188],"architecture":[189],"7":[191],"A":[193],"sensitivity":[194,238],"0.91":[196],"2+":[201,221],"0.97":[203],"3+.":[205,227],"Furthermore,":[206],"model":[208],"offers":[209],"highest":[211],"level":[212],"confidence,":[214],"ranging":[215],"from":[216],"92%":[217],"94%":[219],"96%":[223],"97%":[225],"In":[228],"contrast,":[229],"dataset":[231],"containing":[232],"only":[233],"demonstrates":[236],"performance":[239],"5%":[242],"lower":[243],"same":[246],"network.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}