{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2751563217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120555","title":"Deep Error-Correcting Output Codes","display_name":"Deep Error-Correcting Output Codes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2751563217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120555","mag":"2751563217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16120555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/555/pdf?version=1701694434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/555/pdf?version=1701694434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100774371","display_name":"Lina Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-234X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Na Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Vocational and Technical College of Hotel Management, Qingdao 266100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Vocational and Technical College of Hotel Management, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009127073","display_name":"Hongxu Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-5342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxu Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085345894","display_name":"Yuchen Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3093-6929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029633264","display_name":"Junyu Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-2087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyu Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046728432","display_name":"Guoqiang Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-6642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046728432"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.8641,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77439393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"555","last_page":"555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8018221855163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7844429016113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7315051555633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6187145113945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.6123476624488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5963954925537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5323197245597839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5173501372337341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.491894006729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4581450819969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-machine-learning","display_name":"Online machine learning","score":0.42960041761398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.41749900579452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.410944402217865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3809649646282196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8018221855163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7844429016113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7315051555633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6187145113945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.6123476624488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5963954925537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5323197245597839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5173501372337341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.491894006729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4581450819969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094097","display_name":"Online machine learning","level":3,"score":0.42960041761398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.41749900579452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.410944402217865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3809649646282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16120555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/555/pdf?version=1701694434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d5b1576a50d480fbea31397aeb4ca0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d5b1576a50d480fbea31397aeb4ca0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 555 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16120555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/12/555/pdf?version=1701694434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1349274172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0100400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1608335774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021ZD19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2287253759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202265007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2868018548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-1-4-ny-19-nsh","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3072703950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202265007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322440","funder_display_name":"Ocean University of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4612929007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5353767970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020MF131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G591479136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7959337022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021ZD19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8178168417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020MF131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8217497290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZY2022033004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8717962163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22033004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322440","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2751563217.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184141742","https://openalex.org/W560385634","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W1588401315","https://openalex.org/W1600295424","https://openalex.org/W1676820704","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1904365287","https://openalex.org/W1951304353","https://openalex.org/W1965766334","https://openalex.org/W1966443646","https://openalex.org/W1985759269","https://openalex.org/W2005051678","https://openalex.org/W2019575783","https://openalex.org/W2024699440","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2055555143","https://openalex.org/W2091563134","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2103958034","https://openalex.org/W2107327607","https://openalex.org/W2108807072","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2123506034","https://openalex.org/W2133294540","https://openalex.org/W2133436028","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2144562310","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2151940396","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166619467","https://openalex.org/W2167239631","https://openalex.org/W2170981964","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2343742239","https://openalex.org/W2395106899","https://openalex.org/W2794045421","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2951157758","https://openalex.org/W2963668037","https://openalex.org/W3090667563","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4213019189","https://openalex.org/W4214843096","https://openalex.org/W4285098732","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292347911","https://openalex.org/W4322764311","https://openalex.org/W4377138743","https://openalex.org/W4385246047","https://openalex.org/W4385429522","https://openalex.org/W4387571709","https://openalex.org/W4387781788","https://openalex.org/W6632223008","https://openalex.org/W6635310694","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6684320606","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006671292","https://openalex.org/W2146407312","https://openalex.org/W1986633584","https://openalex.org/W2003868635","https://openalex.org/W2908248196","https://openalex.org/W2098239572","https://openalex.org/W2129838208","https://openalex.org/W1756896031","https://openalex.org/W2510851210","https://openalex.org/W1906766771"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensemble":[0],"learning,":[1,35,40],"online":[2,36],"learning":[3,6,37,46,150,153,169,176],"and":[4,10,25,38,151,167],"deep":[5,39,45,49,79,152,175],"are":[7,55],"very":[8,132],"effective":[9],"versatile":[11],"in":[12,178],"a":[13,43],"wide":[14],"spectrum":[15],"of":[16,33,57,60,91],"problem":[17],"domains,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,73,87,101],"feature":[21,149,168],"extraction,":[22],"multi-class":[23],"classification":[24],"retrieval.":[26],"In":[27,76,108],"this":[28,77,128],"paper,":[29],"combining":[30],"the":[31,61,92,95,109,121],"ideas":[32],"ensemble":[34],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"novel":[44,78],"method":[47],"called":[48],"error-correcting":[50],"output":[51],"codes":[52],"(DeepECOCs).":[53],"DeepECOCs":[54,145,159],"composed":[56],"multiple":[58],"layers":[59,90],"ECOC":[62,82,166],"module,":[63],"which":[64],"combines":[65],"several":[66],"incremental":[67,96,125],"support":[68],"vector":[69],"machines":[70],"(incremental":[71],"SVMs)":[72],"base":[74],"classifiers.":[75],"architecture,":[80],"each":[81],"module":[83],"can":[84,98,117],"be":[85,99,118,131],"considered":[86],"two":[88,105],"successive":[89,106],"network,":[93],"while":[94],"SVMs":[97,126],"viewed":[100],"weighted":[102],"links":[103],"between":[104],"layers.":[107],"pre-training":[110],"procedure,":[111],"supervisory":[112],"information,":[113],"i.e.,":[114],"class":[115],"labels,":[116],"used":[119],"during":[120],"network":[122],"initialization.":[123],"The":[124,155],"lead":[127],"procedure":[129],"to":[130,143,174],"efficient,":[133],"especially":[134],"for":[135],"large-scale":[136],"applications.":[137],"We":[138],"have":[139],"conducted":[140],"extensive":[141],"experiments":[142],"compare":[144],"with":[146],"traditional":[147],"ECOC,":[148],"algorithms.":[154],"results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"that":[158],"perform,":[160],"not":[161],"only":[162],"better":[163],"than":[164],"existing":[165],"algorithms,":[170],"but":[171],"also":[172],"related":[173],"ones":[177],"most":[179],"cases.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}