{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386050783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080395","title":"Balancing Project Schedule, Cost, and Value under Uncertainty: A Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Balancing Project Schedule, Cost, and Value under Uncertainty: A Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386050783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16080395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080395","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/395/pdf?version=1692632106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/395/pdf?version=1692632106","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012604454","display_name":"Cl\u00e1udio Szwarcfiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157943965","display_name":"Holon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02prqh017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Szwarcfiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management, Holon Institute of Technology, 52 Golomb Street, Holon 5810201, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management, Holon Institute of Technology, 52 Golomb Street, Holon 5810201, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018968953","display_name":"Yale T. Herer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-7848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yale T. Herer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065394068","display_name":"Avraham Shtub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3140-8151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Avraham Shtub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012604454","https://openalex.org/A5065394068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965","https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.5669,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89878957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"395","last_page":"395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12177","display_name":"Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12177","display_name":"Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7065808773040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6941965818405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.6938101649284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5916078090667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5807774662971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-management","display_name":"Project management","score":0.573776125907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earned-value-management","display_name":"Earned value management","score":0.5635473132133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duration","display_name":"Duration (music)","score":0.5448269248008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-present-value","display_name":"Net present value","score":0.4926932156085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.48008066415786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-planning","display_name":"Project planning","score":0.41758039593696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3468666076660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.18809333443641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1662614941596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12319967150688171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.11983537673950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10076862573623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-charter","display_name":"Project charter","score":0.09971573948860168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7065808773040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6941965818405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.6938101649284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5916078090667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5807774662971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15952604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012","display_name":"Project management","level":2,"score":0.573776125907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197681217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277565","display_name":"Earned value management","level":5,"score":0.5635473132133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.5448269248008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181230689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192472","display_name":"Net present value","level":3,"score":0.4926932156085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.48008066415786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58565012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112558","display_name":"Project planning","level":3,"score":0.41758039593696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3468666076660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.18809333443641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1662614941596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12319967150688171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.11983537673950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10076862573623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58223718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930512","display_name":"Project charter","level":4,"score":0.09971573948860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16080395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080395","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/395/pdf?version=1692632106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f2a38632620a43788feb79ba8ab168af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f2a38632620a43788feb79ba8ab168af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 395 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/16/8/395/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16080395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 16; Issue 8; Pages: 395","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a16080395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a16080395","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/16/8/395/pdf?version=1692632106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4466215817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2550/21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","funder_display_name":"Israel Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386050783.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111513640","https://openalex.org/W416065695","https://openalex.org/W774684742","https://openalex.org/W1478551381","https://openalex.org/W1586989829","https://openalex.org/W1691126866","https://openalex.org/W1868557612","https://openalex.org/W1904563103","https://openalex.org/W1969803830","https://openalex.org/W1973131489","https://openalex.org/W1978952809","https://openalex.org/W1988292213","https://openalex.org/W1989154340","https://openalex.org/W1999417411","https://openalex.org/W2000553934","https://openalex.org/W2000814909","https://openalex.org/W2006217757","https://openalex.org/W2011840453","https://openalex.org/W2021889655","https://openalex.org/W2024742034","https://openalex.org/W2027850841","https://openalex.org/W2030060625","https://openalex.org/W2041154427","https://openalex.org/W2044333886","https://openalex.org/W2053051317","https://openalex.org/W2056048616","https://openalex.org/W2058066227","https://openalex.org/W2067462952","https://openalex.org/W2073364238","https://openalex.org/W2076342285","https://openalex.org/W2077029377","https://openalex.org/W2077371113","https://openalex.org/W2081770845","https://openalex.org/W2101795256","https://openalex.org/W2117781171","https://openalex.org/W2144299139","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2159105952","https://openalex.org/W2189376833","https://openalex.org/W2203647759","https://openalex.org/W2205893533","https://openalex.org/W2225762843","https://openalex.org/W2248876163","https://openalex.org/W2270343995","https://openalex.org/W2298161847","https://openalex.org/W2328499990","https://openalex.org/W2328992597","https://openalex.org/W2332497799","https://openalex.org/W2377285917","https://openalex.org/W2462416535","https://openalex.org/W2480930533","https://openalex.org/W2490027396","https://openalex.org/W2501972505","https://openalex.org/W2506289998","https://openalex.org/W2508389280","https://openalex.org/W2548330987","https://openalex.org/W2555012946","https://openalex.org/W2584939322","https://openalex.org/W2595729562","https://openalex.org/W2604562720","https://openalex.org/W2605465402","https://openalex.org/W2750908324","https://openalex.org/W2757346420","https://openalex.org/W2761986573","https://openalex.org/W2771331339","https://openalex.org/W2780228864","https://openalex.org/W2792375659","https://openalex.org/W2793106287","https://openalex.org/W2803387532","https://openalex.org/W2805864028","https://openalex.org/W2887147695","https://openalex.org/W2887255389","https://openalex.org/W2897313101","https://openalex.org/W2900297010","https://openalex.org/W2900760450","https://openalex.org/W2902675753","https://openalex.org/W2903145962","https://openalex.org/W2911922644","https://openalex.org/W2912643491","https://openalex.org/W2917461433","https://openalex.org/W2919033597","https://openalex.org/W2925882704","https://openalex.org/W2935844189","https://openalex.org/W2937582027","https://openalex.org/W2939077557","https://openalex.org/W2955885895","https://openalex.org/W2967247920","https://openalex.org/W2973786418","https://openalex.org/W2974188300","https://openalex.org/W2976079227","https://openalex.org/W3005131379","https://openalex.org/W3006081034","https://openalex.org/W3121773723","https://openalex.org/W3166820160","https://openalex.org/W3170358032","https://openalex.org/W4239937954","https://openalex.org/W4312530111","https://openalex.org/W6650474155","https://openalex.org/W6687267657","https://openalex.org/W6729342587","https://openalex.org/W6760726560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185958872","https://openalex.org/W2201970564","https://openalex.org/W2000217959","https://openalex.org/W3125391054","https://openalex.org/W46359405","https://openalex.org/W2296418090","https://openalex.org/W2359070542","https://openalex.org/W1506327597","https://openalex.org/W1539743141","https://openalex.org/W2350678939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"projects":[1],"are":[2,196],"plagued":[3],"by":[4],"uncertainties,":[5],"often":[6],"resulting":[7],"in":[8,88],"both":[9,70],"time":[10],"and":[11,73,106,121,154,178,180,199],"cost":[12],"overruns.":[13],"This":[14],"research":[15,195],"introduces":[16],"an":[17,208],"innovative":[18],"approach,":[19],"employing":[20],"Reinforcement":[21],"Learning":[22],"(RL),":[23],"to":[24,42,61,69,96,174,206],"address":[25],"three":[26,135],"distinct":[27],"project":[28,54,99,119,176,197,213],"management":[29,55,86],"challenges":[30],"within":[31,127,185],"a":[32,63,89,115,128],"setting":[33],"of":[34,143,193,211],"uncertain":[35],"activity":[36],"durations.":[37],"The":[38,47,77,109,190],"primary":[39],"objective":[40],"is":[41,60,95],"identify":[43],"stable":[44],"baseline":[45],"schedules.":[46],"first":[48],"challenge":[49,79,111],"encompasses":[50],"the":[51,58,81,93,98,118,171,186],"multimode":[52,90,130],"lean":[53],"problem,":[56],"wherein":[57],"goal":[59],"maximize":[62],"project\u2019s":[64],"value":[65,120,125],"function":[66],"while":[67,102,183],"adhering":[68],"due":[71],"date":[72,101],"budget":[74],"chance":[75],"constraints.":[76,108],"second":[78],"involves":[80],"chance-constrained":[82],"critical":[83],"chain":[84],"buffer":[85],"problem":[87],"context.":[91],"Here,":[92],"aim":[94],"minimize":[97],"delivery":[100],"considering":[103],"resource":[104],"constraints":[105],"duration-chance":[107],"third":[110],"revolves":[112],"around":[113],"striking":[114],"balance":[116],"between":[117],"its":[122],"net":[123],"present":[124],"(NPV)":[126],"resource-constrained":[129],"environment.":[131],"To":[132],"tackle":[133],"these":[134],"challenges,":[136],"we":[137,149],"devised":[138],"mathematical":[139],"programming":[140],"models,":[141],"some":[142],"which":[144],"were":[145],"solved":[146],"optimally.":[147],"Additionally,":[148],"developed":[150],"competitive":[151],"RL-based":[152],"algorithms":[153,163],"verified":[155],"their":[156],"performance":[157],"against":[158],"established":[159],"benchmarks.":[160],"Our":[161],"RL":[162],"consistently":[164],"generated":[165],"schedules":[166,182],"that":[167],"compared":[168],"favorably":[169],"with":[170],"benchmarks,":[172],"leading":[173],"higher":[175],"values":[177],"NPVs":[179],"shorter":[181],"staying":[184],"stakeholders\u2019":[187],"risk":[188],"thresholds.":[189],"potential":[191],"beneficiaries":[192],"this":[194,204],"managers":[198],"decision-makers":[200],"who":[201],"can":[202],"use":[203],"approach":[205],"generate":[207],"efficient":[209],"frontier":[210],"optimal":[212],"plans.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2023-08-23T00:00:00"}