{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381433571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125726","title":"Using Deep Learning Architectures for Detection and Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy","display_name":"Using Deep Learning Architectures for Detection and Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381433571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125726","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23125726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125726","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5726/pdf?version=1687182922","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5726/pdf?version=1687182922","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036631082","display_name":"Cheena Mohanty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4028839","display_name":"Biju Patnaik University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03vqjtg68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4028839"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheena Mohanty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela 769012, Odisha, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela 769012, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4028839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034508603","display_name":"Sakuntala Mahapatra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sakuntala Mahapatra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar 751016, Odisha, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar 751016, Odisha, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031377837","display_name":"Biswaranjan Acharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-9207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biswaranjan Acharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering-AI, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujarat, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering-AI, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070551029","display_name":"Fotios Kokkoras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-9739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fotis Kokkoras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046194597","display_name":"Vassilis C. Gerogiannis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-7606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassilis C. Gerogiannis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043916096","display_name":"Ioannis Karamitsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-6423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109703491","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology - Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmfa837","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109703491"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Karamitsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate and Research, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai 341055, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate and Research, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai 341055, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109703491"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004664070","display_name":"Andreas Kanavos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9964-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Kanavos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031377837","https://openalex.org/A5034508603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":37.8243,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9990669,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"5726","last_page":"5726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.785862147808075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.675875723361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6467454433441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.636732816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"Blindness","score":0.6196531057357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.619641900062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.49055618047714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.4346471428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41534388065338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3928053081035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32444334030151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.1884298026561737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15389955043792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.1102147102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07120808959007263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.785862147808075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.675875723361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6467454433441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.636732816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.6196531057357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.619641900062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.49055618047714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4346471428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41534388065338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3928053081035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32444334030151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.1884298026561737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15389955043792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.1102147102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07120808959007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23125726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125726","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5726/pdf?version=1687182922","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37420891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37420891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10301863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10301863","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10301863/pdf/sensors-23-05726.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8338d495a6349c593cdc1d80435bcdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8338d495a6349c593cdc1d80435bcdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 12, p 5726 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/12/5726/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 12; Pages: 5726","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23125726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125726","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5726/pdf?version=1687182922","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381433571.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2081085902","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2107871626","https://openalex.org/W2739312105","https://openalex.org/W2766116723","https://openalex.org/W2780788572","https://openalex.org/W2785286954","https://openalex.org/W2793843524","https://openalex.org/W2896135735","https://openalex.org/W2910688461","https://openalex.org/W2953532875","https://openalex.org/W2965191493","https://openalex.org/W2972869264","https://openalex.org/W2985778816","https://openalex.org/W2989605866","https://openalex.org/W3002256141","https://openalex.org/W3011401450","https://openalex.org/W3014497218","https://openalex.org/W3020816140","https://openalex.org/W3039156183","https://openalex.org/W3084156874","https://openalex.org/W3089838827","https://openalex.org/W3095914601","https://openalex.org/W3102501754","https://openalex.org/W3103345183","https://openalex.org/W3115306066","https://openalex.org/W3120886589","https://openalex.org/W3132874631","https://openalex.org/W3140743785","https://openalex.org/W3152873785","https://openalex.org/W3153976901","https://openalex.org/W3159219336","https://openalex.org/W3164440025","https://openalex.org/W3167960955","https://openalex.org/W3168044862","https://openalex.org/W3176277033","https://openalex.org/W3193668239","https://openalex.org/W3208006140","https://openalex.org/W3210811841","https://openalex.org/W3212151333","https://openalex.org/W4200620216","https://openalex.org/W4206514848","https://openalex.org/W4210254929","https://openalex.org/W4210378860","https://openalex.org/W4213276044","https://openalex.org/W4220898925","https://openalex.org/W4226244379","https://openalex.org/W4280548974","https://openalex.org/W4288732478","https://openalex.org/W4290024101","https://openalex.org/W4292162382","https://openalex.org/W4293791153","https://openalex.org/W4296046512","https://openalex.org/W4311759245","https://openalex.org/W4313479160","https://openalex.org/W4327923876","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6770257890","https://openalex.org/W6800551768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249730947","https://openalex.org/W4237698013","https://openalex.org/W2401657978","https://openalex.org/W4220767796","https://openalex.org/W2042797887","https://openalex.org/W3046286921","https://openalex.org/W4388065772","https://openalex.org/W2184730658","https://openalex.org/W2005103005","https://openalex.org/W114689906"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3,25,43],"a":[4,61,87,151],"common":[5],"complication":[6],"of":[7,23,40,89,118,126,138,148,165,172,178,187,192,205,216],"long-term":[8],"diabetes,":[9],"affecting":[10],"the":[11,70,81,94,119,132,141,158,162,166,176,182,193,212],"human":[12],"eye":[13],"and":[14,48,66,69,77,185,214,223],"potentially":[15],"leading":[16],"to":[17,46],"permanent":[18],"blindness.":[19],"The":[20,37,116,128,170,189,203],"early":[21,183],"detection":[22,76,184],"DR":[24,75,217],"crucial":[26],"for":[27,74,181],"effective":[28],"treatment,":[29],"as":[30],"symptoms":[31],"often":[32],"manifest":[33],"in":[34,124,200],"later":[35],"stages.":[36],"manual":[38],"grading":[39],"retinal":[41,90],"images":[42,91],"time-consuming,":[44],"prone":[45],"errors,":[47],"lacks":[49],"patient-friendliness.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52,173,201],"study,":[53],"we":[54,85,110],"propose":[55],"two":[56,82],"deep":[57],"learning":[58],"(DL)":[59],"architectures,":[60],"hybrid":[62,133],"network":[63,134],"combining":[64],"VGG16":[65],"XGBoost":[67],"Classifier,":[68],"DenseNet":[71,142,167,194],"121":[72,143,168,195],"network,":[73],"classification.":[78],"To":[79],"evaluate":[80],"DL":[83,179],"models,":[84],"preprocessed":[86],"collection":[88],"obtained":[92],"from":[93],"APTOS":[95],"2019":[96],"Blindness":[97],"Detection":[98],"Kaggle":[99],"Dataset.":[100],"This":[101],"dataset":[102,160],"exhibits":[103],"an":[104,136,146],"imbalanced":[105],"image":[106],"class":[107],"distribution,":[108],"which":[109],"addressed":[111],"through":[112],"appropriate":[113],"balancing":[114],"techniques.":[115],"performance":[117,164,191],"considered":[120],"models":[121],"was":[122],"assessed":[123],"terms":[125],"accuracy.":[127],"results":[129],"showed":[130],"that":[131],"achieved":[135,145],"accuracy":[137,147,215],"79.50%,":[139],"while":[140],"model":[144,196],"97.30%.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"comparative":[152],"analysis":[153],"with":[154],"existing":[155],"methods":[156,208],"utilizing":[157],"same":[159],"revealed":[161],"superior":[163,190],"network.":[169],"findings":[171],"study":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"potential":[177],"architectures":[180],"classification":[186],"DR.":[188],"highlights":[197],"its":[198],"effectiveness":[199],"domain.":[202],"implementation":[204],"such":[206],"automated":[207],"can":[209],"significantly":[210],"improve":[211],"efficiency":[213],"diagnosis,":[218],"benefiting":[219],"both":[220],"healthcare":[221],"providers":[222],"patients.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
