{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413696829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","title":"An Economically Viable Minimalistic Solution for 3D Display Discomfort in Virtual Reality Headsets Using Vibrating Varifocal Fluidic Lenses","display_name":"An Economically Viable Minimalistic Solution for 3D Display Discomfort in Virtual Reality Headsets Using Vibrating Varifocal Fluidic Lenses","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413696829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4030038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/3/38/pdf?version=1756201555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280281","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"2813-2084","issn":["2813-2084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/3/38/pdf?version=1756201555","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108433917","display_name":"Tridib Ghosh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tridib Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["NewEyes, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5333-5551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NewEyes, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008839050","display_name":"Mohit U. Karkhanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4441-2969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Karkhanis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036324157","display_name":"Carlos H. Mastrangelo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-4698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos H. Mastrangelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA","NewEyes, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NewEyes, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108433917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31617052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7164902687072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4565216898918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4542458951473236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluidics","display_name":"Fluidics","score":0.44430011510849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3833247423171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3051632046699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.10789012908935547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7164902687072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4565216898918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4542458951473236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185571","display_name":"Fluidics","level":2,"score":0.44430011510849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3833247423171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3051632046699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.10789012908935547}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/3/38/pdf?version=1756201555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280281","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"2813-2084","issn":["2813-2084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22416835a479400388101790f7fca939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22416835a479400388101790f7fca939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds, Vol 4, Iss 3, p 38 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4030038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/3/38/pdf?version=1756201555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280281","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"2813-2084","issn":["2813-2084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413696829.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413696829.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551717579","https://openalex.org/W1564315767","https://openalex.org/W1587717911","https://openalex.org/W1632660834","https://openalex.org/W1827848544","https://openalex.org/W1988007208","https://openalex.org/W1991012411","https://openalex.org/W2004597357","https://openalex.org/W2023546862","https://openalex.org/W2052726807","https://openalex.org/W2057861280","https://openalex.org/W2059939887","https://openalex.org/W2081489648","https://openalex.org/W2084047411","https://openalex.org/W2098821581","https://openalex.org/W2101387510","https://openalex.org/W2110523444","https://openalex.org/W2119825011","https://openalex.org/W2122168690","https://openalex.org/W2122566683","https://openalex.org/W2127418128","https://openalex.org/W2134339410","https://openalex.org/W2136389766","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2155058646","https://openalex.org/W2157968791","https://openalex.org/W2158659019","https://openalex.org/W2168407534","https://openalex.org/W2168790157","https://openalex.org/W2208945110","https://openalex.org/W2214253587","https://openalex.org/W2276171130","https://openalex.org/W2395130413","https://openalex.org/W2401398128","https://openalex.org/W2406900453","https://openalex.org/W2557593045","https://openalex.org/W2578865572","https://openalex.org/W2580891164","https://openalex.org/W2587808284","https://openalex.org/W2614113705","https://openalex.org/W2737094081","https://openalex.org/W2769743662","https://openalex.org/W2770233082","https://openalex.org/W2770388370","https://openalex.org/W2770844428","https://openalex.org/W2770934685","https://openalex.org/W2787514511","https://openalex.org/W2803212610","https://openalex.org/W2803959925","https://openalex.org/W2890575065","https://openalex.org/W2955955700","https://openalex.org/W2968776085","https://openalex.org/W2995065029","https://openalex.org/W2997285376","https://openalex.org/W3044292537","https://openalex.org/W3104150238","https://openalex.org/W3105914329","https://openalex.org/W3209992943","https://openalex.org/W4213087999","https://openalex.org/W4213126268","https://openalex.org/W4230256065","https://openalex.org/W4241860877","https://openalex.org/W4242753576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1718659621","https://openalex.org/W2353476186","https://openalex.org/W4322494644","https://openalex.org/W1597743150","https://openalex.org/W4315866219","https://openalex.org/W2743184632","https://openalex.org/W4389881140","https://openalex.org/W4241338655","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Herein,":[0],"we":[1],"report":[2,119],"a":[3,23,32,135,154,162,180,194],"USB-powered":[4],"VR-HMD":[5,25],"prototype":[6],"integrated":[7,142],"with":[8,52,143],"our":[9],"33":[10],"mm":[11],"aperture":[12],"varifocal":[13,59,125],"liquid":[14],"lenses":[15,60,109,126,152],"and":[16,49,93,98,118,127],"electronic":[17],"drive":[18,139],"components,":[19],"all":[20],"assembled":[21],"in":[22,44,72,79,131],"conventional":[24,80],"form-factor.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,84],"volumetric-display-based":[29],"VR":[30,148,190],"system,":[31,150],"sequence":[33],"of":[34,46,123,137,158,165,172,183],"virtual":[35],"images":[36],"are":[37,50],"rapidly":[38],"flash-projected":[39],"at":[40,64,161,170],"different":[41],"plane":[42],"depths":[43],"front":[45],"the":[47,53,58,74,120,124,138,144,188],"observer":[48],"synchronized":[51],"correct":[54],"accommodations":[55],"provided":[56],"by":[57],"for":[61,95],"depth-matched":[62],"focusing":[63],"chosen":[65],"sweep":[66,163],"frequency.":[67,140],"This":[68],"projection":[69],"mechanism":[70],"aids":[71],"resolving":[73],"VAC":[75],"that":[76],"is":[77],"present":[78],"fixed-depth":[81],"VR.":[82],"Additionally,":[83],"system":[85],"can":[86,110],"address":[87],"refractive":[88],"error":[89],"corrections":[90],"like":[91],"myopia":[92],"hyperopia":[94],"prescription":[96],"users":[97],"do":[99],"not":[100],"require":[101],"any":[102],"eye-tracking":[103],"systems.":[104],"We":[105],"experimentally":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"these":[108,151],"vibrate":[111],"up":[112],"to":[113,187],"frequencies":[114],"approaching":[115],"100":[116],"Hz":[117,167],"frequency":[121,164],"response":[122],"their":[128],"focal":[129],"characteristics":[130],"real":[132],"time":[133],"as":[134],"function":[136],"When":[141],"prototype\u2019s":[145],"120":[146],"fps":[147],"display":[149],"produce":[153],"net":[155],"diopter":[156],"change":[157],"2.3":[159],"D":[160],"45":[166],"while":[168],"operating":[169],"~70%":[171],"its":[173],"maximum":[174],"actuation":[175],"voltage.":[176],"The":[177],"components":[178],"add":[179],"total":[181],"weight":[182],"around":[184],"50":[185],"g":[186],"off-the-shelf":[189],"set,":[191],"making":[192],"it":[193],"cost-effective":[195],"but":[196],"lightweight":[197],"minimal":[198],"solution.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
