{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409461178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","title":"A Gamified Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Individuals with Arachnophobia: A Pilot Study","display_name":"A Gamified Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Individuals with Arachnophobia: A Pilot Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409461178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4020015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/2/15/pdf?version=1744731556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280281","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"2813-2084","issn":["2813-2084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/2/15/pdf?version=1744731556","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065499063","display_name":"In\u00eas Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6141-853X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In\u00eas Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087337958","display_name":"Raquel Sim\u00f5es de Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4703-1712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raquel Sim\u00f5es de Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4703-1712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065571336","display_name":"Paulo Veloso Gomes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3975-2395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Veloso Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3975-2395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048866613","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Marques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Marques","raw_affiliation_strings":["LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-5023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LabRP-CIR, E2S, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087337958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05010183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"15","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13224","display_name":"Sports and Physical Education Research","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6991158127784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-therapy","display_name":"Exposure therapy","score":0.4664693772792816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4410092234611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2340482771396637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.22579267621040344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6991158127784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446198","display_name":"Exposure therapy","level":3,"score":0.4664693772792816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4410092234611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2340482771396637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22579267621040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/2/15/pdf?version=1744731556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280281","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"2813-2084","issn":["2813-2084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4edf5b58141b41b59208a9ab2f5d1816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4edf5b58141b41b59208a9ab2f5d1816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds, Vol 4, Iss 2, p 15 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds4020015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2084/4/2/15/pdf?version=1744731556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280281","display_name":"Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"2813-2084","issn":["2813-2084"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409461178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409461178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1111273942","https://openalex.org/W1212620601","https://openalex.org/W1547865271","https://openalex.org/W1616121475","https://openalex.org/W1910898905","https://openalex.org/W1989891182","https://openalex.org/W1992300724","https://openalex.org/W1993055615","https://openalex.org/W1994877858","https://openalex.org/W1995533212","https://openalex.org/W2002713980","https://openalex.org/W2036735145","https://openalex.org/W2041469451","https://openalex.org/W2051047950","https://openalex.org/W2057906075","https://openalex.org/W2080509533","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2145514454","https://openalex.org/W2148093646","https://openalex.org/W2148158693","https://openalex.org/W2155246322","https://openalex.org/W2168991419","https://openalex.org/W2258233875","https://openalex.org/W2272558351","https://openalex.org/W2343236817","https://openalex.org/W2462213384","https://openalex.org/W2465353856","https://openalex.org/W2557296626","https://openalex.org/W2594386612","https://openalex.org/W2598210266","https://openalex.org/W2618420032","https://openalex.org/W2734702820","https://openalex.org/W2756476637","https://openalex.org/W2776827574","https://openalex.org/W2782892168","https://openalex.org/W2804364959","https://openalex.org/W2841928325","https://openalex.org/W2885892712","https://openalex.org/W2887538181","https://openalex.org/W2894225077","https://openalex.org/W2897078850","https://openalex.org/W2897486657","https://openalex.org/W2905099311","https://openalex.org/W2912830318","https://openalex.org/W2931386521","https://openalex.org/W2959888472","https://openalex.org/W2965669075","https://openalex.org/W2996152175","https://openalex.org/W3002636634","https://openalex.org/W3004236095","https://openalex.org/W3009608797","https://openalex.org/W3010783744","https://openalex.org/W3015787354","https://openalex.org/W3016588300","https://openalex.org/W3025769938","https://openalex.org/W3088229360","https://openalex.org/W3106301105","https://openalex.org/W3120263578","https://openalex.org/W3128334038","https://openalex.org/W3130230035","https://openalex.org/W3176159006","https://openalex.org/W3185044794","https://openalex.org/W3204055717","https://openalex.org/W3206176854","https://openalex.org/W3217585740","https://openalex.org/W4206954891","https://openalex.org/W4210443742","https://openalex.org/W4211090969","https://openalex.org/W4213167641","https://openalex.org/W4213447920","https://openalex.org/W4221123029","https://openalex.org/W4245095371","https://openalex.org/W4281687410","https://openalex.org/W4283834731","https://openalex.org/W4292528167","https://openalex.org/W4327702712","https://openalex.org/W4363652250","https://openalex.org/W4389453786","https://openalex.org/W4392506063","https://openalex.org/W4396580726","https://openalex.org/W6605913774","https://openalex.org/W6639864281","https://openalex.org/W6718591033","https://openalex.org/W6851196554"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W4220667126","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W3006817050","https://openalex.org/W4401768695","https://openalex.org/W4294974825","https://openalex.org/W1590447050","https://openalex.org/W1999966513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arachnophobia":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,31,54,58,66,85,111],"specific":[3],"phobia":[4],"characterized":[5],"by":[6],"an":[7,133],"intense":[8],"and":[9,34,43,90,100,109,126],"persistent":[10],"fear":[11,125],"of":[12,47,65,75,96],"spiders,":[13],"often":[14],"leading":[15],"to":[16,61,120],"avoidance":[17,127],"behaviors":[18],"that":[19,116],"can":[20],"significantly":[21],"impact":[22],"daily":[23],"life.":[24],"Virtual":[25],"Reality":[26],"Exposure":[27],"Therapy":[28],"(VRET)":[29],"offers":[30],"controlled,":[32],"adaptable,":[33],"immersive":[35],"therapeutic":[36,135],"environment,":[37],"allowing":[38],"for":[39,70,137],"greater":[40],"personalization,":[41],"flexibility,":[42],"the":[44,63,79,94,101,146],"real-time":[45],"modulation":[46],"exposure":[48],"parameters.":[49],"This":[50],"pilot":[51],"study":[52],"employed":[53],"quasi-experimental":[55],"design":[56],"without":[57],"control":[59],"group":[60],"evaluate":[62],"efficacy":[64],"gamified":[67,117],"VRET":[68,118],"intervention":[69],"treating":[71],"arachnophobia.":[72,138],"A":[73],"sample":[74],"25":[76],"participants":[77],"underwent":[78],"intervention,":[80],"with":[81],"outcomes":[82],"assessed":[83],"through":[84],"Behavioral":[86],"Approach":[87],"Test":[88],"(BAT)":[89],"self-report":[91],"measures,":[92],"including":[93],"Fear":[95],"Spiders":[97],"Questionnaire":[98,104],"(FSQ)":[99],"Spider":[102],"Phobia":[103],"(SPQ-15),":[105],"administered":[106],"pre-intervention,":[107],"post-intervention,":[108],"at":[110],"two-week":[112],"follow-up.":[113],"Findings":[114],"indicate":[115],"led":[119],"significant":[121],"reductions":[122],"in":[123,153],"self-reported":[124],"behaviors,":[128],"suggesting":[129],"its":[130],"potential":[131],"as":[132],"effective":[134],"tool":[136],"Although":[139],"some":[140],"results":[141],"were":[142],"not":[143],"entirely":[144],"conclusive,":[145],"overall":[147],"improvements":[148],"observed":[149],"support":[150],"further":[151],"investigation":[152],"larger,":[154],"controlled":[155],"trials.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
