{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017258391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8020011","title":"A Method for Measuring Systems Thinking Learning","display_name":"A Method for Measuring Systems Thinking Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017258391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8020011","mag":"3017258391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems8020011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8020011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/8/2/11/pdf?version=1588075988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/8/2/11/pdf?version=1588075988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016967308","display_name":"Seth Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-5882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75717288","display_name":"Rogers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05m9vrv91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, 204 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-5882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, 204 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849","https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011325918","display_name":"Javier Calvo\u2010Amodio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-8752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75717288","display_name":"Rogers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05m9vrv91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Javier Calvo-Amodio","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, 204 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-8752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, 204 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849","https://openalex.org/I75717288"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042597873","display_name":"JAY A. WELL","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Well","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Math Investigative Learning Experiences (SMILE) Program, Oregon State University, 18 Gladys Valley Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Math Investigative Learning Experiences (SMILE) Program, Oregon State University, 18 Gladys Valley Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011325918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849","https://openalex.org/I75717288"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.3426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88948986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"11","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13163","display_name":"Organizational Learning and Leadership","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-thinking","display_name":"Systems thinking","score":0.7416403889656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6252119541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discipline","display_name":"Discipline","score":0.5711430311203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5212371945381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"Critical thinking","score":0.4981107711791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensibility","display_name":"Sensibility","score":0.4812876582145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-systems-thinking","display_name":"Critical systems thinking","score":0.4630115032196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.43641093373298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41488081216812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thinking-processes","display_name":"Thinking processes","score":0.413381427526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3230782747268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.30393272638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.257956326007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.12048369646072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.07855623960494995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27177047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Systems thinking","level":2,"score":0.7416403889656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6252119541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8795937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829","display_name":"Discipline","level":2,"score":0.5711430311203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5212371945381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533356498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843894","display_name":"Critical thinking","level":2,"score":0.4981107711791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777336010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195509","display_name":"Sensibility","level":2,"score":0.4812876582145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108867877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186773","display_name":"Critical systems thinking","level":3,"score":0.4630115032196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.43641093373298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41488081216812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187179951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7784616","display_name":"Thinking processes","level":3,"score":0.413381427526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3230782747268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30393272638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.257956326007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12048369646072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.07855623960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604419","display_name":"Statistical thinking","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems8020011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8020011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/8/2/11/pdf?version=1588075988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fcb49cec9e9f41f886709fc01b05b592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fcb49cec9e9f41f886709fc01b05b592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 8, Iss 2, p 11 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/8/2/11/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8020011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems8020011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8020011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/8/2/11/pdf?version=1588075988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017258391.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017258391.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92085004","https://openalex.org/W191977981","https://openalex.org/W1492856410","https://openalex.org/W1565568552","https://openalex.org/W1598029828","https://openalex.org/W1667145027","https://openalex.org/W1998541882","https://openalex.org/W2020758419","https://openalex.org/W2025677634","https://openalex.org/W2040646849","https://openalex.org/W2051835185","https://openalex.org/W2054805201","https://openalex.org/W2087849973","https://openalex.org/W2112673137","https://openalex.org/W2122145490","https://openalex.org/W2160375265","https://openalex.org/W2319255120","https://openalex.org/W2518875502","https://openalex.org/W2588685271","https://openalex.org/W2766815037","https://openalex.org/W2770222676","https://openalex.org/W2808050038","https://openalex.org/W2885983725","https://openalex.org/W2946724801","https://openalex.org/W4234981795","https://openalex.org/W4249959789","https://openalex.org/W4253642342","https://openalex.org/W6663465586","https://openalex.org/W6816445396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998681569","https://openalex.org/W1559289273","https://openalex.org/W2377995065","https://openalex.org/W2902475163","https://openalex.org/W3208223672","https://openalex.org/W1967141571","https://openalex.org/W9485960","https://openalex.org/W4285403772","https://openalex.org/W4327728390","https://openalex.org/W2384947993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80,171],"myriad":[1],"of":[2,24,45,50,54,68,91,95,99,104,180],"problems":[3],"facing":[4],"the":[5,18,36,123,159,186,190],"world":[6],"today":[7],"are":[8],"increasingly":[9],"complex,":[10],"dynamic,":[11],"and":[12,52,61,78,101,140,153,169],"transcend":[13],"multiple":[14,107],"domains.":[15],"This":[16],"necessitates":[17],"need":[19],"for":[20,39,165],"trans-disciplinary":[21],"approaches":[22],"capable":[23],"providing":[25],"a":[26,48,58,84,88,114,149],"framework":[27],"to":[28,41,82,118,129,147,157,175,189],"help":[29],"solve":[30],"these":[31,43],"problems.":[32,46],"Systems":[33,64],"thinking":[34,56,65,126,161,182],"provides":[35],"skills":[37,164],"necessary":[38],"people":[40],"approach":[42],"types":[44],"However,":[47],"lack":[49],"awareness":[51],"understanding":[53],"systems":[55,85,125,160,181],"hinders":[57],"potential":[59],"systems-literate":[60],"systems-capable":[62],"society.":[63],"is":[66],"comprised":[67,90],"four":[69],"underlying":[70,124],"concepts":[71,127,162],"or":[72],"skills:":[73],"distinction-making,":[74],"organizing":[75],"systems,":[76],"inter-relating,":[77],"perspective-taking.":[79],"path":[81],"becoming":[83],"thinker":[86],"follows":[87],"process":[89],"three":[92],"levels\u2014sensibility":[93],"(awareness":[94],"systems),":[96,100],"literacy":[97],"(knowledge":[98],"capability":[102],"(understanding":[103],"systems)\u2014repeated":[105],"across":[106],"learning":[108,131,179],"phases.":[109],"During":[110],"this":[111,130],"research":[112],"study,":[113],"method":[115],"was":[116,135],"defined":[117],"measure":[119],"whether":[120],"non-experts":[121],"learned":[122],"according":[128],"process.":[132],"An":[133],"experiment":[134],"conducted":[136],"with":[137],"97":[138],"middle":[139],"high":[141],"school":[142],"students":[143],"who":[144],"were":[145],"asked":[146],"draw":[148],"fish-tank":[150],"system":[151],"before":[152],"after":[154],"being":[155],"taught":[156],"apply":[158],"as":[163],"identifying":[166],"elements,":[167],"interactions,":[168],"roles/purposes.":[170],"results":[172],"provide":[173],"evidence":[174],"conclude":[176],"that":[177],"student":[178],"significantly":[183],"increased":[184],"from":[185],"first":[187],"drawing":[188],"second":[191],"drawing.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-04-24T00:00:00"}