{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2926587972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7020021","title":"A Preliminary Design-Phase Security Methodology for Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","display_name":"A Preliminary Design-Phase Security Methodology for Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2926587972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7020021","mag":"2926587972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems7020021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7020021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/7/2/21/pdf?version=1556522088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/7/2/21/pdf?version=1556522088","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078750332","display_name":"Bryan Carter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4083-8142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4083-8142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060460337","display_name":"Stephen Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-4504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-4504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080758702","display_name":"Georgios Bakirtzis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Bakirtzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065621158","display_name":"Tim Sherburne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-2274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Sherburne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-2274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056670558","display_name":"Peter A. Beling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-6982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Beling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-6982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041317410","display_name":"Barry Horowitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry Horowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113457201","display_name":"Cody Fleming","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cody Fleming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6335-471X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113457201"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.6416,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96068012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"21","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.874565601348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6343579292297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6152447462081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.598508358001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems","display_name":"System of systems","score":0.5248599052429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5203482508659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4307582974433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.42239201068878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.41459351778030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.35547876358032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22118371725082397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1492563784122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09070250391960144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.874565601348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6343579292297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6152447462081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.598508358001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.5248599052429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5203482508659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4307582974433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.42239201068878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.41459351778030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.35547876358032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22118371725082397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1492563784122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09070250391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems7020021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7020021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/7/2/21/pdf?version=1556522088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cba46d653097410d82c0a39c1075703b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cba46d653097410d82c0a39c1075703b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 7, Iss 2, p 21 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/7/2/21/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7020021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems7020021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems7020021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/7/2/21/pdf?version=1556522088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154592414","https://openalex.org/W642120166","https://openalex.org/W651462859","https://openalex.org/W1524848278","https://openalex.org/W1962072139","https://openalex.org/W1980500163","https://openalex.org/W1994621643","https://openalex.org/W2003676537","https://openalex.org/W2014151884","https://openalex.org/W2023250288","https://openalex.org/W2051986607","https://openalex.org/W2081836570","https://openalex.org/W2116957228","https://openalex.org/W2127081655","https://openalex.org/W2134732423","https://openalex.org/W2141291477","https://openalex.org/W2163022780","https://openalex.org/W2475320399","https://openalex.org/W2766238858","https://openalex.org/W2888738885","https://openalex.org/W2891239693","https://openalex.org/W2963162076","https://openalex.org/W3047474023","https://openalex.org/W3106174873","https://openalex.org/W3161918289","https://openalex.org/W4242692807","https://openalex.org/W4245587674","https://openalex.org/W6651578511","https://openalex.org/W6720793254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2416859637","https://openalex.org/W4254551825","https://openalex.org/W1661299522","https://openalex.org/W1992947435","https://openalex.org/W2756692340","https://openalex.org/W4240378107","https://openalex.org/W2142316787","https://openalex.org/W2904890372","https://openalex.org/W295680712","https://openalex.org/W3207003916"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"\u201ccyber\u201d":[1],"being":[2],"in":[3,39,60,86,139,175],"the":[4,13,55,61,67,73,119,164,167,172],"name,":[5],"cyber\u2013physical":[6,26,71],"systems":[7,27,41,183],"possess":[8],"unique":[9],"characteristics":[10],"that":[11,43,54,171],"limit":[12],"applicability":[14],"and":[15,21,35,75,80,89,103,124,132,143,161,180],"suitability":[16],"of":[17,63,70,77,163],"traditional":[18],"cybersecurity":[19],"techniques":[20,173],"strategies.":[22],"Furthermore,":[23],"vulnerabilities":[24,45],"to":[25],"can":[28,178],"have":[29],"significant":[30],"safety":[31],"implications.":[32],"The":[33],"physical":[34],"cyber":[36,44,120],"interactions":[37],"inherent":[38],"these":[40],"require":[42],"not":[46],"only":[47],"be":[48,58,84,106],"defended":[49],"against":[50],"or":[51],"prevented,":[52],"but":[53],"system":[56,142],"also":[57],"resilient":[59],"face":[62],"successful":[64],"attacks.":[65],"Given":[66],"complex":[68],"nature":[69],"systems,":[72],"identification":[74],"evaluation":[76],"appropriate":[78,97,134],"defense":[79],"resiliency":[81,94,135],"strategies":[82,95,136],"must":[83],"handled":[85],"a":[87,99,126,140,150,155],"targeted":[88],"systematic":[90],"manner.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"what":[93],"are":[96],"for":[98,130,137],"given":[100,108,141],"system,":[101],"where,":[102],"which":[104],"should":[105],"implemented":[107],"time":[109],"and/or":[110],"budget":[111],"constraints?":[112],"This":[113,145],"paper":[114,177],"presents":[115],"two":[116,168],"methodologies:":[117],"(1)":[118],"security":[121],"requirements":[122],"methodology":[123,129,146],"(2)":[125],"systems-theoretic,":[127],"model-based":[128,187],"identifying":[131],"prioritizing":[133],"implementation":[138],"mission.":[144],"is":[147],"demonstrated":[148],"using":[149],"case":[151],"study":[152],"based":[153],"on":[154],"hypothetical":[156],"weapon":[157],"system.":[158],"An":[159],"assessment":[160],"comparison":[162],"results":[165],"from":[166],"methodologies":[169],"suggest":[170],"presented":[174],"this":[176],"augment":[179],"enhance":[181],"existing":[182],"engineering":[184],"approaches":[185],"with":[186],"evidence.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
