{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1669209699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems3030081","title":"Simulation-Based Approach for Studying the Balancing of Local Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Batteries","display_name":"Simulation-Based Approach for Studying the Balancing of Local Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Batteries","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1669209699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems3030081","mag":"1669209699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems3030081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems3030081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/3/3/81/pdf?version=1436943138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/3/3/81/pdf?version=1436943138","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040968834","display_name":"Juhani Latvakoski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-3556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juhani Latvakoski","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitov\u00e4yl\u00e4 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitov\u00e4yl\u00e4 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045763828","display_name":"Kari M\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5864-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kari M\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tekniikankatu 1, 33720 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tekniikankatu 1, 33720 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055500111","display_name":"Jussi Ronkainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8042-1160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jussi Ronkainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitov\u00e4yl\u00e4 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitov\u00e4yl\u00e4 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071702181","display_name":"Jukka Julku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-3832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jukka Julku","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047000350","display_name":"Jani Koivusaari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-3443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jani Koivusaari","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitov\u00e4yl\u00e4 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitov\u00e4yl\u00e4 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040968834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.8031,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75831561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"81","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6904897689819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-simulation","display_name":"Co-simulation","score":0.6707390546798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6223095655441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5511929988861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.525054931640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.49525395035743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.45675593614578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.4383853077888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3510655164718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.34096935391426086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23689770698547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14892485737800598}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6904897689819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16951926","display_name":"Co-simulation","level":2,"score":0.6707390546798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6223095655441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5511929988861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.525054931640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.49525395035743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.45675593614578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.4383853077888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3510655164718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.34096935391426086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23689770698547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14892485737800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems3030081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems3030081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/3/3/81/pdf?version=1436943138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46f16ca0c6b645b1a816c8c1799012c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46f16ca0c6b645b1a816c8c1799012c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 3, Iss 3, Pp 81-108 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-8954/3/3/81/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems3030081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems3030081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems3030081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/3/3/81/pdf?version=1436943138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571116211","https://openalex.org/W1971084949","https://openalex.org/W1999212857","https://openalex.org/W2032983117","https://openalex.org/W2036004481","https://openalex.org/W2044880677","https://openalex.org/W2053264041","https://openalex.org/W2063996928","https://openalex.org/W2096997040","https://openalex.org/W2140680794","https://openalex.org/W2142871505","https://openalex.org/W2535889688","https://openalex.org/W3017312168","https://openalex.org/W3200788958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2563943286","https://openalex.org/W2751256511","https://openalex.org/W2966826037","https://openalex.org/W1597785538","https://openalex.org/W2184245033","https://openalex.org/W2944222538","https://openalex.org/W2382521298","https://openalex.org/W1981274070","https://openalex.org/W2952471689","https://openalex.org/W1988262679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"society":[1],"is":[2,31,88,98,126,194,230,300],"facing":[3],"great":[4],"challenges":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,105,128,158,174,196,232,267,283],"pollution":[8],"and":[9,27,44,54,60,150,203,211,240,260,311],"increased":[10,35],"carbon":[11],"dioxide":[12],"(CO2)":[13],"emissions.":[14],"As":[15],"part":[16,218],"of":[17,23,56,62,82,109,112,132,139,147,200,213,219,246,258,263,286,317],"solving":[18],"these":[19],"challenges,":[20],"the":[21,48,76,80,107,110,130,137,160,171,191,198,227,247,255,264,268,272,284,296,303,315],"use":[22],"renewable":[24],"energy":[25,42,57,72],"sources":[26],"electric":[28],"vehicles":[29],"(EVs)":[30],"rapidly":[32],"increasing.":[33],"However,":[34],"dynamics":[36],"have":[37],"triggered":[38],"problems":[39],"in":[40,47,69,119,182,271],"balancing":[41,81,111,175,287],"supply":[43],"consumption":[45],"demand":[46],"power":[49],"systems.":[50],"The":[51,95,123,163,186,243,276],"resulting":[52,277],"uncertainty":[53],"unpredictability":[55],"production,":[58],"consumption,":[59],"management":[61],"peak":[63],"loads":[64],"has":[65,155,165],"caused":[66],"an":[67,308],"increase":[68],"costs":[70],"for":[71,78,92,209,236,314],"market":[73],"actors.":[74],"Therefore,":[75],"means":[77],"studying":[79],"local":[83,113,141,176,214,248,273,288],"smart":[84,201,256,289,324],"grids":[85,115,178,216,290],"with":[86,116,136,179,254,291],"EVs":[87,265],"a":[89,99,120,133,140,145,183,220],"starting":[90],"point":[91],"this":[93],"paper.":[94],"main":[96],"contribution":[97],"simulation-based":[100,124,161,192,304],"approach":[101,125,193,305],"which":[102],"was":[103],"developed":[104],"enable":[106,129],"study":[108,285],"distribution":[114,142,177,215,249,274],"EV":[117,180,292],"batteries":[118,181],"cost-efficient":[121,312],"manner.":[122,185],"applied":[127,282],"execution":[131],"distributed":[134],"system":[135,154,229,279],"simulation":[138,153,228,244,278],"grid,":[143],"including":[144],"number":[146],"charging":[148,259],"stations":[149],"EVs.":[151],"A":[152],"been":[156,166],"constructed":[157],"support":[159],"approach.":[162],"evaluation":[164,187,199,297,316],"carried":[167],"out":[168],"by":[169],"executing":[170],"scenario":[172],"related":[173],"step-by-step":[184],"results":[188],"indicate":[189],"that":[190,302],"able":[195,231],"facilitate":[197],"grid\u2013":[202],"EV-related":[204],"communication":[205],"protocols,":[206],"control":[207,257],"algorithms":[208],"charging,":[210],"functionalities":[212],"as":[217,323],"complex,":[221,318],"critical":[222,319],"cyber-physical":[223,320],"system.":[224],"In":[225],"addition,":[226],"incorporate":[233],"advanced":[234],"methods":[235],"monitoring,":[237],"controlling,":[238],"tracking,":[239],"modeling":[241],"behavior.":[242],"model":[245],"grid":[250],"can":[251,280,306],"be":[252,281],"executed":[253],"discharging":[261],"powers":[262],"according":[266],"load":[269],"situation":[270],"grid.":[275],"batteries.":[293],"Based":[294],"on":[295],"results,":[298],"it":[299],"estimated":[301],"provide":[307],"essential,":[309],"safe,":[310],"method":[313],"systems,":[321],"such":[322],"grids.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
