{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164937777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060680","title":"Enabling Net-Zero Operations in Information Infrastructure: A Dynamic Regulatory Analysis Based on Evolutionary Game and System Dynamics","display_name":"Enabling Net-Zero Operations in Information Infrastructure: A Dynamic Regulatory Analysis Based on Evolutionary Game and System Dynamics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164937777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14060680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060680","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081030921","display_name":"Handong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3551-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Handong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411864","display_name":"Dan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-2534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-2534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075001068","display_name":"Junxiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-3584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry J. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design & the Built Environment, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-3584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design & the Built Environment, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088360803","display_name":"Jianfeng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-7901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-7901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100411864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":6.9497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9736455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"680","last_page":"680"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.22930000722408295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.22930000722408295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.09780000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.06469999998807907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrutiny","display_name":"Scrutiny","score":0.6542999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-dynamics","display_name":"System dynamics","score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-game-theory","display_name":"Evolutionary game theory","score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-dynamics","display_name":"Evolutionary dynamics","score":0.38440001010894775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.6542999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20249471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298789","display_name":"Evolutionary game theory","level":3,"score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171578705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418700","display_name":"Evolutionary dynamics","level":3,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2519700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069992","display_name":"Evolutionarily stable strategy","level":3,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777501827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10283140","display_name":"Yearbook","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50318809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145081","display_name":"Replicator equation","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14060680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:541cd55a89ea433ea7ed1a65c91fe5cb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/541cd55a89ea433ea7ed1a65c91fe5cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 6, p 680 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14060680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5993571877479553,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G148456919","display_name":"\u9ad8\u6821\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u7ee9\u6548\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0e\u8c03\u63a7\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"72004085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8672555138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72304051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510971620","https://openalex.org/W1833864945","https://openalex.org/W1970883147","https://openalex.org/W1991971657","https://openalex.org/W2038741212","https://openalex.org/W2042297171","https://openalex.org/W2060587803","https://openalex.org/W2060958978","https://openalex.org/W2078822118","https://openalex.org/W2109150831","https://openalex.org/W2152420152","https://openalex.org/W2152807971","https://openalex.org/W2177142051","https://openalex.org/W2330626387","https://openalex.org/W2519885165","https://openalex.org/W2756249281","https://openalex.org/W2773820261","https://openalex.org/W2780984128","https://openalex.org/W2782156968","https://openalex.org/W2898619665","https://openalex.org/W2915688051","https://openalex.org/W2933019452","https://openalex.org/W2937802884","https://openalex.org/W2946669623","https://openalex.org/W2991061618","https://openalex.org/W2998931093","https://openalex.org/W3015825861","https://openalex.org/W3022655578","https://openalex.org/W3082527078","https://openalex.org/W3087347130","https://openalex.org/W3188324247","https://openalex.org/W4205937172","https://openalex.org/W4293770403","https://openalex.org/W4294266437","https://openalex.org/W4308923411","https://openalex.org/W4309328395","https://openalex.org/W4312220445","https://openalex.org/W4362716163","https://openalex.org/W4384281924","https://openalex.org/W4385605810","https://openalex.org/W4385808478","https://openalex.org/W4387399375","https://openalex.org/W4388622472","https://openalex.org/W4389620773","https://openalex.org/W4390751318","https://openalex.org/W4390920330","https://openalex.org/W4393123025","https://openalex.org/W4396850046","https://openalex.org/W4399264204","https://openalex.org/W4400232181","https://openalex.org/W4401541075","https://openalex.org/W4401699727","https://openalex.org/W4402726612","https://openalex.org/W4402734816","https://openalex.org/W4404072660","https://openalex.org/W4406810591","https://openalex.org/W4408392197"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"infrastructure":[1,145],"is":[2],"essential":[3],"for":[4,152],"digital":[5],"transformation":[6],"and":[7,18,34,37,71,73,92,112,136,146,158],"AI-enabled":[8],"services,":[9],"but":[10],"its":[11],"operation":[12],"also":[13],"involves":[14],"high":[15],"electricity":[16],"consumption":[17],"carbon":[19],"emissions.":[20],"This":[21,130],"study":[22,131],"develops":[23],"a":[24],"tripartite":[25],"evolutionary":[26,133],"game":[27,134],"model":[28,53],"involving":[29],"the":[30,35,64,140],"government,":[31],"information-infrastructure":[32],"operators":[33],"public,":[36],"integrates":[38],"it":[39],"with":[40,76],"system":[41,137],"dynamics":[42,138],"to":[43,139],"examine":[44],"how":[45],"regulatory":[46,85,150],"mechanisms":[47,122],"influence":[48],"operators\u2019":[49,99],"net-zero":[50,83,100,117,141],"behaviours.":[51],"The":[52,95],"focuses":[54],"on":[55,69],"operational-stage":[56],"information":[57,144],"infrastructure.":[58],"Initial":[59],"parameters":[60],"are":[61,123],"calibrated":[62],"using":[63],"2023":[65],"China":[66],"Statistical":[67],"Yearbook":[68],"Resources":[70],"Environment":[72],"expert":[74],"consultation,":[75],"key":[77],"variables":[78],"measured":[79],"by":[80],"operational":[81],"revenue,":[82],"costs,":[84,86],"incentives,":[87,110],"penalties,":[88],"public":[89,113,159],"scrutiny":[90,114],"costs":[91],"environmental":[93],"losses.":[94],"results":[96],"show":[97],"that":[98],"behaviours":[101],"may":[102],"fluctuate":[103],"under":[104],"weak":[105],"or":[106],"static":[107],"regulation.":[108],"Government":[109],"penalties":[111],"can":[115],"promote":[116],"operations,":[118],"while":[119],"dynamic":[120],"reward\u2013penalty":[121],"more":[124],"effective":[125],"in":[126],"stabilising":[127],"behavioural":[128],"evolution.":[129],"extends":[132],"theory":[135],"governance":[142],"of":[143],"provides":[147],"an":[148],"adaptive":[149],"framework":[151],"coordinating":[153],"government":[154],"regulation,":[155],"operator":[156],"behaviour":[157],"participation.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2026-06-17T00:00:00"}
