{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162333223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060606","title":"An AI-Enabled Cyber-Resilience Index for Industrial Control Systems: Integrating Regulatory Compliance and Geopolitical Exposure on the NATO-EU Eastern Flank","display_name":"An AI-Enabled Cyber-Resilience Index for Industrial Control Systems: Integrating Regulatory Compliance and Geopolitical Exposure on the NATO-EU Eastern Flank","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162333223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14060606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060606","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/6/606/pdf?version=1779718471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/6/606/pdf?version=1779718471","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136947330","display_name":"Mircea Bo\u0219coianu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2650-7144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mircea Bo\u0219coianu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500152 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2650-7144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500152 Bra\u0219ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121456551","display_name":"Veaceslav Samburschii","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Veaceslav Samburschii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8986-478X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106166590","display_name":"Alexandru Silviu GOGA","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandru Silviu Goga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500068 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2535-8839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500068 Bra\u0219ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136945334","display_name":"Marius Viorel Posa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8040-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marius Viorel Posa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8040-215X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121456551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59951704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"606","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.2831000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.2831000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.18870000541210175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11864","display_name":"Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytic-hierarchy-process","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-index","display_name":"Composite index","score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3043999969959259}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87345402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485202","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778098375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19596433","display_name":"Composite index","level":3,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23976947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193193","display_name":"Tier 1 network","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22088475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647974","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14060606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060606","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/6/606/pdf?version=1779718471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19280d7f46964af38a8ce1003c80a6a7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19280d7f46964af38a8ce1003c80a6a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 6, p 606 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14060606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14060606","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/6/606/pdf?version=1779718471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7162333223.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7162333223.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1424318399","https://openalex.org/W1508221334","https://openalex.org/W1524771255","https://openalex.org/W1976892625","https://openalex.org/W1977548549","https://openalex.org/W1980300379","https://openalex.org/W1994748731","https://openalex.org/W2009429512","https://openalex.org/W2011303397","https://openalex.org/W2033401964","https://openalex.org/W2083328625","https://openalex.org/W2089402107","https://openalex.org/W2092553756","https://openalex.org/W2106811754","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2110013894","https://openalex.org/W2124766374","https://openalex.org/W2136922540","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2156264138","https://openalex.org/W2160265998","https://openalex.org/W2161630727","https://openalex.org/W2169667133","https://openalex.org/W2216482079","https://openalex.org/W2344617980","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2579603034","https://openalex.org/W2608911009","https://openalex.org/W2783489174","https://openalex.org/W2800071259","https://openalex.org/W2896370767","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W3024069558","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3126081245","https://openalex.org/W3134520564","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W3210459530","https://openalex.org/W4205228770","https://openalex.org/W4221040930","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4306316827","https://openalex.org/W4309234552","https://openalex.org/W4386881452","https://openalex.org/W4412570238","https://openalex.org/W4412698143"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Operational":[0],"Technology":[1],"(OT)":[2],"and":[3,26,40,131,241,255,276],"Industrial":[4],"Control":[5],"Systems":[6],"(ICSs)":[7],"along":[8],"the":[9,38,51,99,179,203],"NATO-EU":[10],"eastern":[11],"flank":[12],"face":[13],"escalating":[14],"hybrid":[15],"threats,":[16],"yet":[17],"existing":[18],"cyber-resilience":[19],"metrics":[20],"remain":[21],"IT-centric,":[22],"lacking":[23],"OT-specific":[24],"constraints":[25],"geopolitical":[27],"exposure":[28,88],"dimensions.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"presents":[32],"a":[33,76,84,104,136,185,193,265,281],"Design":[34],"Science":[35],"Research":[36],"contribution:":[37],"development":[39],"simulation-based":[41],"feasibility":[42],"demonstration":[43],"of":[44,80,188,215],"two":[45],"interconnected":[46],"artefacts.":[47],"The":[48,96,260],"first":[49],"is":[50,98,145,262],"AI-enabled":[52],"Cyber-Resilience":[53],"Index":[54],"(ACRI)\u2014a":[55],"composite":[56,186],"0\u2013100":[57],"metric":[58],"operationalized":[59],"through":[60,147],"16":[61],"indicators":[62],"across":[63,219],"four":[64],"domains":[65,82],"(detection":[66],"performance,":[67],"operational":[68,238,252,283],"continuity,":[69],"governance":[70],"maturity,":[71],"supply-chain":[72,87,160],"risk),":[73],"aggregated":[74],"as":[75,264,280],"three-term":[77],"convex":[78],"combination":[79],"capability":[81],"with":[83,135],"linear":[85],"subtractive":[86],"penalty,":[89],"weighted":[90],"via":[91],"AHP-based":[92],"illustrative":[93,233,247],"sector-reference":[94],"profiles.":[95],"second":[97],"Unified":[100],"Compliance":[101],"Framework":[102],"(UCF),":[103],"structured":[105],"R":[106],"\u2192":[107,109,111],"C":[108],"E":[110],"SLO":[112],"mapping":[113],"linking":[114],"47":[115],"atomic":[116],"regulatory":[117],"requirements":[118],"(NIS2,":[119],"DORA,":[120],"CER,":[121],"AI":[122],"Act,":[123],"CRA)":[124],"to":[125,175],"standards":[126],"(IEC":[127],"62443,":[128],"ISO/IEC":[129],"27001)":[130],"auditable":[132],"evidence":[133,229],"artifacts,":[134],"Continuous":[137],"Assurance":[138],"Loop":[139],"operationalizing":[140],"continuous":[141],"control":[142],"monitoring.":[143],"Feasibility":[144],"demonstrated":[146],"digital":[148],"twin":[149],"simulation":[150],"under":[151],"three":[152],"OT-representative":[153],"threat":[154],"scenarios":[155],"(energy":[156],"SCADA":[157],"APT,":[158],"railway":[159],"compromise,":[161],"manufacturing":[162],"ransomware).":[163],"Results":[164],"in":[165],"simulated":[166],"environments":[167],"show":[168],"ACRI":[169],"improvement":[170,201],"from":[171],"Moderate-Risk":[172],"baselines":[173],"(45\u201361)":[174],"Adequate-Resilience":[176],"thresholds":[177],"(65\u201373);":[178],"proposed":[180],"federated":[181],"autoencoder\u2013LSTM":[182],"detector":[183],"attains":[184],"Dperf":[187],"0.883":[189],"versus":[190],"0.510":[191],"for":[192,272],"static":[194],"\u00b13\u03c3":[195],"threshold":[196],"baseline":[197],"(a":[198],"73%":[199],"relative":[200],"at":[202],"domain":[204],"level).":[205],"Sensitivity":[206],"analysis":[207],"confirms":[208],"classification":[209],"robustness":[210],"(\u00b17.3%":[211],"weight":[212],"perturbation;":[213],"coefficient":[214],"variation":[216],"below":[217],"9.1%":[218],"10,000":[220],"Monte":[221],"Carlo":[222],"iterations).":[223],"Critical":[224],"limitations":[225],"are":[226],"explicit:":[227],"simulation-only":[228],"(n=12":[230],"scenario":[231],"instances),":[232,246],"(non-empirical)":[234,248],"AHP":[235,249],"weights,":[236,250],"no":[237,251],"field":[239,253],"validation,":[240,254],"limited":[242,256],"inferential":[243,257],"statistical":[244,258],"power.":[245,259],"contribution":[261],"positioned":[263],"proof-of-concept":[266],"design":[267],"artifact":[268],"establishing":[269],"methodological":[270],"foundations":[271],"OT-centric":[273],"resilience":[274],"assessment":[275],"compliance-to-engineering":[277],"traceability,":[278],"not":[279],"field-validated":[282],"system.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-26T00:00:00"}