{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161795572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050580","title":"A Generative AI-Driven Scaffolding System for Sustaining Project Learning and Task Execution","display_name":"A Generative AI-Driven Scaffolding System for Sustaining Project Learning and Task Execution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161795572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14050580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/580/pdf?version=1779266175","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/580/pdf?version=1779266175","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040215142","display_name":"Shuyao He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004147212","display_name":"Juanqiong Gou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-8462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juanqiong Gou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100688045","display_name":"Hua Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4078-3527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133270356","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/035gwtk09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133270356"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193524592","display_name":"Tianjin University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev1jb90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193524592"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hua Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683","https://openalex.org/I193524592","https://openalex.org/I133270356","https://openalex.org/I132369690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136517155","display_name":"Yuhang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161752","display_name":"Beijing Haidian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/058x5eq06","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Kunzhi Technology Co., Ltd., Block C, B13, No. 18A Xueqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Kunzhi Technology Co., Ltd., Block C, B13, No. 18A Xueqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100688045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690","https://openalex.org/I133270356","https://openalex.org/I136765683","https://openalex.org/I193524592"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6454806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"580","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.6266999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.6266999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.03869999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.038100000470876694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.603600025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-management","display_name":"Project management","score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-based-learning","display_name":"Project-based learning","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-management-2.0","display_name":"Project management 2.0","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-management","display_name":"Task management","score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-team","display_name":"Project team","score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-apprenticeship","display_name":"Cognitive apprenticeship","score":0.3249000012874603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.603600025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.598800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15952604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012","display_name":"Project management","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779825147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753447","display_name":"Project-based learning","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187642187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249409","display_name":"Project management 2.0","level":5,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759682","display_name":"Task management","level":3,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777205345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454317","display_name":"Project team","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038075","display_name":"Cognitive apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168074093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2394609","display_name":"Project management triangle","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107806365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253567","display_name":"Apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40919944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947779","display_name":"Software project management","level":5,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26931999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3721289","display_name":"Electronic performance support systems","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780612406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816432","display_name":"Project manager","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14050580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/580/pdf?version=1779266175","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:09f6a3e9e89d4f2891a0844585ae2217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/09f6a3e9e89d4f2891a0844585ae2217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 580 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14050580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/580/pdf?version=1779266175","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G164478390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"25YJA790018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2023472996","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u534f\u540c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u573a\u666f\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161795572.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161795572.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W933409971","https://openalex.org/W1276866904","https://openalex.org/W1488716069","https://openalex.org/W1567491469","https://openalex.org/W1678084289","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1946052551","https://openalex.org/W1964455219","https://openalex.org/W1968732144","https://openalex.org/W1971342410","https://openalex.org/W1991879939","https://openalex.org/W2000402020","https://openalex.org/W2012645943","https://openalex.org/W2022129158","https://openalex.org/W2053843376","https://openalex.org/W2067911129","https://openalex.org/W2080335873","https://openalex.org/W2089721085","https://openalex.org/W2136922540","https://openalex.org/W2139041794","https://openalex.org/W2141847481","https://openalex.org/W2156300785","https://openalex.org/W2165935007","https://openalex.org/W2166886466","https://openalex.org/W2466945851","https://openalex.org/W2610046524","https://openalex.org/W2621619685","https://openalex.org/W2740217134","https://openalex.org/W2920917937","https://openalex.org/W2921731025","https://openalex.org/W2963305465","https://openalex.org/W2971567556","https://openalex.org/W3108981297","https://openalex.org/W3125985343","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W3195864623","https://openalex.org/W3213663442","https://openalex.org/W4213449894","https://openalex.org/W4224063166","https://openalex.org/W4281493851","https://openalex.org/W4283363753","https://openalex.org/W4307141905","https://openalex.org/W4307407952","https://openalex.org/W4312208393","https://openalex.org/W4319769523","https://openalex.org/W4360991366","https://openalex.org/W4384945226","https://openalex.org/W4386580952","https://openalex.org/W4388496753","https://openalex.org/W4389242064","https://openalex.org/W4391482796","https://openalex.org/W4399126338","https://openalex.org/W4400525648","https://openalex.org/W4403693091","https://openalex.org/W4408634666","https://openalex.org/W4411346501","https://openalex.org/W4411572910","https://openalex.org/W4413027561","https://openalex.org/W4413914064","https://openalex.org/W4414397713","https://openalex.org/W4414579123","https://openalex.org/W4415005034","https://openalex.org/W4415102574","https://openalex.org/W4417024233"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"project-based":[1],"organizations,":[2],"novices":[3],"engaged":[4],"in":[5,128,149,169,181,186],"project-contextualized":[6],"learning":[7,14,165],"often":[8],"struggle":[9],"to":[10,55,96,102,158],"balance":[11],"sustained":[12],"project":[13,60,164,170,182,188,192],"with":[15],"immediate":[16],"task":[17,77,100,125,139,167],"delivery,":[18],"creating":[19],"a":[20,50,57,106,129],"tension":[21],"between":[22],"developmental":[23],"sustainability":[24,161],"and":[25,91,114,122,142,166],"execution":[26,78,168],"sustainability.":[27],"While":[28],"informal":[29],"support":[30,81,143,159,193],"mechanisms":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33],"apprenticeship":[34],"help":[35],"alleviate":[36],"this":[37,45,47],"tension,":[38],"their":[39],"effectiveness":[40],"remains":[41],"limited.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"issue,":[46],"study":[48,65,173],"adopts":[49],"Design":[51],"Science":[52],"Research":[53],"approach":[54],"develop":[56],"generative":[58],"AI-driven":[59],"scaffolding":[61,80,108,180],"system":[62,136],"prototype.":[63],"The":[64],"contributes":[66],"design":[67,175],"knowledge":[68],"comprising":[69],"two":[70],"core":[71],"elements.":[72],"First,":[73],"based":[74],"on":[75],"the":[76,97,135,155,160],"process,":[79],"is":[82,110],"organized":[83],"into":[84],"three":[85],"dimensions,":[86],"namely":[87],"contextualization,":[88],"cognitive":[89,92,103],"guidance,":[90,120],"evolution,":[93],"which":[94],"correspond":[95],"progression":[98],"from":[99],"understanding":[101],"construction.":[104],"Second,":[105],"cognition-driven":[107],"mechanism":[109],"constructed":[111],"through":[112],"prompt-driven":[113],"knowledge-augmented":[115],"generation,":[116],"enabling":[117],"human-centered":[118],"intelligent":[119],"augmentation,":[121],"automation":[123],"during":[124],"execution.":[126],"Evaluation":[127],"software":[130],"implementation":[131],"firm":[132],"suggests":[133],"that":[134],"may":[137],"improve":[138],"output":[140],"quality":[141],"novices\u2019":[144],"application":[145],"of":[146,162],"task-relevant":[147],"strategies":[148],"subsequent":[150],"tasks.":[151],"These":[152],"findings":[153],"indicate":[154],"system\u2019s":[156],"potential":[157],"both":[163],"practice.":[171],"This":[172],"provides":[174],"insights":[176],"for":[177],"embedding":[178],"GenAI-driven":[179],"practice,":[183],"helping":[184],"organizations":[185],"similar":[187],"contexts":[189],"establish":[190],"sustainable":[191],"approaches.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-05-21T00:00:00"}