{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160628276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050527","title":"A Coupled Hierarchical Architecture for Multi-Granularity Demand Forecasting","display_name":"A Coupled Hierarchical Architecture for Multi-Granularity Demand Forecasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160628276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14050527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050527","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/527/pdf?version=1778246248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/527/pdf?version=1778246248","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135660088","display_name":"Liang Nie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114195228","display_name":"Huaixia Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156189","display_name":"Shanghai Dianji University","ror":"https://ror.org/055fene14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156189"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaixia Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China","Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156189"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103213320","display_name":"Qinglei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0797-7423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinglei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Institute of FTZ Supply Chain, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Institute of FTZ Supply Chain, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107838728","display_name":"Jiyun Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiyun Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Institute of FTZ Supply Chain, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Institute of FTZ Supply Chain, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103213320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55776232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"527","last_page":"527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.6139000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11918","display_name":"Forecasting Techniques and Applications","score":0.6139000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.24799999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.050599999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-forecasting","display_name":"Demand forecasting","score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upstream","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193809577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409300","display_name":"Demand forecasting","level":2,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781468064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267117","display_name":"Lead time","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32597650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255044","display_name":"Demand patterns","level":3,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14050527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050527","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/527/pdf?version=1778246248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30fc6e8a5f6341129526e7dece808c34","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30fc6e8a5f6341129526e7dece808c34","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 527 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14050527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050527","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/527/pdf?version=1778246248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5443430542945862,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160628276.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160628276.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W4307714831","https://openalex.org/W4313828183","https://openalex.org/W4367051028","https://openalex.org/W4388986770","https://openalex.org/W4388991767","https://openalex.org/W4394748461","https://openalex.org/W4395030634","https://openalex.org/W4399422424","https://openalex.org/W4400299997","https://openalex.org/W4400877591","https://openalex.org/W4401283611","https://openalex.org/W4401711030","https://openalex.org/W4402858974","https://openalex.org/W4404568385","https://openalex.org/W4407858975","https://openalex.org/W4407935129","https://openalex.org/W4410017384","https://openalex.org/W4410106471","https://openalex.org/W4410368225","https://openalex.org/W4410840773","https://openalex.org/W4410873999","https://openalex.org/W6902976403"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"demand":[1,29,205],"forecasting":[2,37,68],"across":[3,52,161,189],"multiple":[4],"aggregation":[5],"levels":[6],"is":[7],"essential":[8],"for":[9,211],"managing":[10],"complex":[11],"supply":[12],"networks,":[13],"where":[14],"operations":[15],"must":[16],"balance":[17],"inventory":[18],"costs,":[19],"service":[20],"levels,":[21],"and":[22,27,47,92,158,173,182,207,214],"resource":[23],"coordination":[24],"under":[25],"non-stationary":[26],"heterogeneous":[28,200],"patterns.":[30],"Existing":[31],"spatiotemporal":[32],"models":[33,137],"typically":[34],"treat":[35],"all":[36,190],"units":[38],"at":[39],"a":[40,57,70,86,99,107,165],"single":[41],"resolution,":[42],"obscuring":[43],"inherent":[44],"hierarchical":[45,197],"structures":[46],"often":[48],"producing":[49],"inconsistent":[50],"predictions":[51,140],"levels.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"proposes":[56],"Hierarchical":[58],"Hybrid":[59],"Spatio-Temporal":[60],"Demand":[61],"Forecasting":[62],"(H2SDF)":[63],"architecture":[64],"that":[65,178,196],"formulates":[66],"multi-granularity":[67],"as":[69],"coupled":[71],"system-of-systems":[72],"problem.":[73],"H2SDF":[74,179],"decomposes":[75],"the":[76,83,104,112,132],"task":[77],"into":[78,115],"three":[79,191],"coordinated":[80],"layers.":[81,162],"At":[82,103,131],"macro":[84,113],"layer,":[85,106,134],"frequency-aware":[87],"model":[88,201],"extracts":[89],"global":[90],"trends":[91],"multi-scale":[93],"periodicities":[94],"from":[95],"aggregate":[96],"demand,":[97],"providing":[98],"stable":[100],"system-level":[101],"reference.":[102],"meso":[105],"Transformer-based":[108],"multi-task":[109],"learner":[110],"disaggregates":[111],"signal":[114],"location-specific":[116],"forecasts":[117,157],"while":[118],"learning":[119],"dynamic":[120],"inter-location":[121],"dependencies":[122],"via":[123],"self-attention,":[124],"avoiding":[125],"reliance":[126],"on":[127,164],"predefined":[128],"static":[129],"graphs.":[130],"micro":[133],"gradient-boosted":[135],"tree":[136],"refine":[138],"category-level":[139],"by":[141],"fusing":[142],"upstream":[143],"signals":[144],"with":[145,170,186,199],"contextual":[146],"covariates":[147],"to":[148],"correct":[149],"residual":[150],"errors.":[151],"A":[152],"top-down":[153],"coupling":[154],"mechanism":[155],"propagates":[156],"consistency":[159],"constraints":[160],"Experiments":[163],"2976":[166],"h":[167],"real-world":[168],"dataset":[169],"18":[171],"locations":[172],"8":[174],"product":[175],"categories":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"reduces":[180],"RMSE":[181],"improves":[183],"R2":[184],"compared":[185],"state-of-the-art":[187],"baselines":[188],"granularities.":[192],"The":[193],"results":[194],"confirm":[195],"decomposition":[198],"synergy":[202],"effectively":[203],"mitigates":[204],"uncertainty":[206],"strengthens":[208],"decision":[209],"support":[210],"inventory,":[212],"logistics,":[213],"workforce":[215],"planning.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}