{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152021602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040409","title":"Purpose-Driven Smart Specialization (S3+P): A Multilevel Model for Sustainable Regional Development","display_name":"Purpose-Driven Smart Specialization (S3+P): A Multilevel Model for Sustainable Regional Development","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152021602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040409","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maria Lu\u00edsa Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-6352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21803372","display_name":"University of \u00c9vora","ror":"https://ror.org/02gyps716","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124601","display_name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02xkdev90","country_code":"RU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210124601"]}],"countries":["PT","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Lu\u00edsa Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal","Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal","Interdisciplinary Center for Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA.U\u00c9vora), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal","Management Department, Lisbon Accounting and Business School (ISCAL), Polytechnic of Lisbon, 1069-035 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-6352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4210124601"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA.U\u00c9vora), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Department, Lisbon Accounting and Business School (ISCAL), Polytechnic of Lisbon, 1069-035 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123309674","display_name":"M. Isabel S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137767","display_name":"Centro de Implantolog\u00eda Cirug\u00eda Oral y Maxilofacial","ror":"https://ror.org/03xphxk37","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80606768","display_name":"Universidad de Extremadura","ror":"https://ror.org/0174shg90","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Isabel S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business Administration and Sociology Department, School of Economics and Busines Sciences, Campus of Badajoz, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-1606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business Administration and Sociology Department, School of Economics and Busines Sciences, Campus of Badajoz, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80606768","https://openalex.org/I4210137767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082271086","display_name":"Marc Jacquinet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201025148","display_name":"Universidade Aberta","ror":"https://ror.org/02rv3w387","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201025148"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133653","display_name":"Centre for Research in Anthropology","ror":"https://ror.org/043ft3840","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055","https://openalex.org/I4210133653","https://openalex.org/I4210146676","https://openalex.org/I76903346","https://openalex.org/I7883018","https://openalex.org/I83558840","https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Jacquinet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Life Sciences (DCV), University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal","Department of Social Sciences and Management, Universidade Aberta, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal","TERRA Associate Laboratory, Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet (CFE), 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-060X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Life Sciences (DCV), University of Coimbra (UC), 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Sciences and Management, Universidade Aberta, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201025148"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TERRA Associate Laboratory, Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet (CFE), 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133187753","display_name":"Paulo Neto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-983X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21803372","display_name":"University of \u00c9vora","ror":"https://ror.org/02gyps716","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Neto","raw_affiliation_strings":["CICP\u2014Research Centre in Political Science, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal","Department of Economics, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal","UMPP\u2014Public Policy Monitoring Unit, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-983X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CICP\u2014Research Centre in Political Science, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UMPP\u2014Public Policy Monitoring Unit, University of \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21803372"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123309674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137767","https://openalex.org/I80606768"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":40.8736,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99588532,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"409","last_page":"409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12961","display_name":"Regional Development and Policy","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12961","display_name":"Regional Development and Policy","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13588","display_name":"Regional resilience and development","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","score":0.5985000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legitimacy","display_name":"Legitimacy","score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-development","display_name":"Regional development","score":0.5116000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-policy","display_name":"Regional policy","score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"Sustainable development","score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embeddedness","display_name":"Embeddedness","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.3944999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5985000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988954192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482379","display_name":"Regional development","level":2,"score":0.5116000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776510970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118368","display_name":"Regional policy","level":2,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63063934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079747","display_name":"Embeddedness","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430460","display_name":"Capability approach","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781086688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309220","display_name":"Regional innovation system","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191920346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466410","display_name":"High tech","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1631582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689022","display_name":"Regional planning","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991830913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q928786","display_name":"Regional studies","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779152076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320100","display_name":"Smart growth","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20186080dd3f40c8bbcd248f148abfb0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20186080dd3f40c8bbcd248f148abfb0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 4, p 409 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5830862522125244,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008251417","https://openalex.org/W2076609166","https://openalex.org/W2094016023","https://openalex.org/W2108361370","https://openalex.org/W2126326367","https://openalex.org/W2160258573","https://openalex.org/W2324474790","https://openalex.org/W2340582484","https://openalex.org/W2422893399","https://openalex.org/W2485395425","https://openalex.org/W2557471272","https://openalex.org/W2790350588","https://openalex.org/W2791808130","https://openalex.org/W2801673776","https://openalex.org/W2889003232","https://openalex.org/W2897383306","https://openalex.org/W2897662616","https://openalex.org/W2945094889","https://openalex.org/W2968453276","https://openalex.org/W3012440800","https://openalex.org/W3025877980","https://openalex.org/W3033959624","https://openalex.org/W3088040313","https://openalex.org/W3088531509","https://openalex.org/W3125501509","https://openalex.org/W3129301253","https://openalex.org/W4289173960","https://openalex.org/W4307237613","https://openalex.org/W4380415279","https://openalex.org/W4387569851","https://openalex.org/W4391958753","https://openalex.org/W4399444080","https://openalex.org/W4400658362","https://openalex.org/W4404636915","https://openalex.org/W4407876975","https://openalex.org/W4409964259","https://openalex.org/W4414767370","https://openalex.org/W7140182515"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0,92],"Specialization":[1,93],"Strategy":[2],"(S3)":[3],"has":[4,17],"become":[5],"a":[6,65,71,77,96,121],"central":[7],"instrument":[8],"of":[9,74,157,168],"European":[10],"Union":[11],"Cohesion":[12],"Policy,":[13],"yet":[14],"its":[15],"implementation":[16,58],"revealed":[18],"recurring":[19],"limitations,":[20],"including":[21],"formalistic":[22],"Entrepreneurial":[23],"Discovery":[24],"Processes,":[25],"weak":[26],"multilevel":[27,97],"coordination,":[28],"generic":[29],"priorities,":[30],"and":[31,57,76,103,114,125,145,154,174],"evaluation":[32,131],"systems":[33],"focused":[34],"mainly":[35],"on":[36,70,165],"innovation":[37,134],"outputs.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40,118],"examines":[41],"how":[42],"shared":[43],"purpose":[44,140],"can":[45,141],"be":[46],"incorporated":[47],"into":[48],"S3":[49],"in":[50,147],"ways":[51],"that":[52,129,139],"improve":[53],"both":[54],"developmental":[55],"direction":[56],"quality":[59],"across":[60],"levels.":[61],"The":[62,86,117,136,159],"study":[63],"adopts":[64],"conceptual":[66],"research":[67],"design":[68],"based":[69],"critical":[72],"synthesis":[73],"literature":[75],"model-building":[78],"procedure,":[79],"complemented":[80],"by":[81],"an":[82,126],"illustrative":[83],"regional":[84,148,176],"application.":[85],"main":[87],"result":[88],"is":[89],"the":[90,152,166],"Purpose-Driven":[91],"(S3+P)":[94],"framework,":[95],"model":[98],"linking":[99],"individual,":[100],"organizational,":[101],"territorial,":[102],"macro-policy":[104],"dimensions":[105],"through":[106],"five":[107],"catalytic":[108],"mechanisms:":[109],"plasticity,":[110],"temporality,":[111],"identity,":[112],"memory,":[113],"relational":[115],"networks.":[116],"also":[119],"proposes":[120],"six-step":[122],"policy":[123],"cycle":[124],"indicator":[127],"logic":[128],"broadens":[130],"beyond":[132],"conventional":[133],"metrics.":[135],"analysis":[137],"suggests":[138],"strengthen":[142],"directionality,":[143],"coherence,":[144],"legitimacy":[146],"strategy":[149],"while":[150],"preserving":[151],"place-based":[153],"discovery-oriented":[155],"rationale":[156],"S3.":[158],"framework":[160],"contributes":[161],"to":[162],"current":[163],"debates":[164],"renewal":[167],"smart":[169],"specialization":[170],"for":[171],"more":[172],"sustainable":[173],"coordinated":[175],"development.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-31T08:46:17.908082","created_date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00"}