{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151002520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040399","title":"Evolution of Driver Strategies Under Platform-Led Incentives: A Stackelberg\u2013Evolutionary Game Model with Large-Scale Ride-Hailing Data","display_name":"Evolution of Driver Strategies Under Platform-Led Incentives: A Stackelberg\u2013Evolutionary Game Model with Large-Scale Ride-Hailing Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151002520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040399","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/399/pdf?version=1775553390","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/399/pdf?version=1775553390","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133058771","display_name":"Wenbo Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121830437","display_name":"Jingu Mou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingu Mou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133061408","display_name":"Zhengfeng Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengfeng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China","National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315832, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315832, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059122707","display_name":"Yibing WANG","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Transportation Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Transportation Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027831852","display_name":"He Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-7966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhao Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085185460","display_name":"Manel Grifoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-6732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manel Grifoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2014BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-6732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2014BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133036953","display_name":"Pengjun Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pengjun Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China","National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315832, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3834-1401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Center, Ningbo University Sub-Center, Ningbo 315832, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133036953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43205087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"399","last_page":"399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9261000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9261000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.02239999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.8549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-game-theory","display_name":"Evolutionary game theory","score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-dominance","display_name":"Strategic dominance","score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-game","display_name":"Sequential game","score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-and-demand","display_name":"Supply and demand","score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elasticity","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","score":0.33980000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.8549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5175999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20249471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298789","display_name":"Evolutionary game theory","level":3,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123650614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282491","display_name":"Strategic dominance","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121854251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62932","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153517567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26090","display_name":"Mechanism design","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2519700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069992","display_name":"Evolutionarily stable strategy","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91810955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7731670","display_name":"Incentive compatibility","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16946937","display_name":"Dynamic balance","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394670","display_name":"Pricing strategies","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51355593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3194154","display_name":"Price elasticity of demand","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167393769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680768","display_name":"Adaptive strategies","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040399","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/399/pdf?version=1775553390","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:549d731f7e784686a3dacdf8488e669e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/549d731f7e784686a3dacdf8488e669e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 4, p 399 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/460227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/460227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14040399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040399","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/4/399/pdf?version=1775553390","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523942370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C01180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1548553339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C01180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1700908837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52272334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1910526705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61074142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G265104915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EC H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3126216433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D21013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3264396487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4221085132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52272334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4594024319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52272334, 61074142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6370137834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D21013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6853325547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0194700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7219323577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7548061223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61074142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7663964380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFE0194700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8100377846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023H020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8455079722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G985140010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023H020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322605","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7151002520.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7151002520.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"ride-hailing":[1],"platforms":[2],"increasingly":[3],"rely":[4],"on":[5],"differentiated":[6,113],"incentive":[7,144],"mechanisms":[8],"to":[9,22,35,105],"regulate":[10],"driver":[11,83,156],"participation":[12],"and":[13,16,28,59,82,86,116,122,154],"balance":[14],"supply":[15,125,149],"demand.":[17],"However,":[18],"drivers\u2019":[19],"adaptive":[20],"responses":[21],"such":[23],"incentives":[24,103],"introduce":[25],"dynamic":[26],"feedback":[27],"uncertainty":[29],"that":[30,91,101],"static":[31],"equilibrium":[32],"models":[33],"fail":[34],"capture.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38],"develops":[39],"a":[40,51],"dual-layer":[41],"Stackelberg\u2013evolutionary":[42],"game":[43],"framework":[44],"in":[45,95],"which":[46],"the":[47,55,79,107,134],"platform":[48,152],"acts":[49],"as":[50],"strategic":[52],"leader":[53],"setting":[54],"order":[56,114],"allocation":[57,115],"rates":[58],"prices,":[60],"while":[61],"heterogeneous":[62],"drivers":[63],"adapt":[64],"their":[65],"working-hour":[66],"strategies":[67],"through":[68],"evolutionary":[69,135],"dynamics.":[70],"Using":[71],"operational":[72],"data":[73],"from":[74],"Ningbo,":[75],"China,":[76],"we":[77],"calibrated":[78],"demand":[80],"elasticity":[81],"cost":[84],"parameters":[85],"identified":[87],"endogenous":[88],"fatigue-cost":[89],"thresholds":[90],"govern":[92],"regime":[93],"shifts":[94],"strategy":[96],"dominance.":[97],"Simulation":[98],"results":[99],"show":[100],"uniform":[102],"tend":[104],"drive":[106],"system":[108],"toward":[109],"single-strategy":[110],"lock-in,":[111],"whereas":[112],"pricing":[117],"effectively":[118],"sustain":[119],"multi-strategy":[120],"coexistence":[121],"mitigate":[123],"extreme":[124],"polarization.":[126],"The":[127],"findings":[128],"reveal":[129],"how":[130],"platform-led":[131],"differentiation":[132],"reshapes":[133],"fitness":[136],"landscape":[137],"of":[138],"drivers,":[139],"providing":[140],"actionable":[141],"guidance":[142],"for":[143],"design":[145],"aimed":[146],"at":[147],"stabilizing":[148],"structures,":[150],"improving":[151],"revenue,":[153],"protecting":[155],"welfare.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}